Ocean Depth Probe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ocean Depth Probe - Essay Example Electromagnetic Compatibility is the capability of electrical and electronic systems, equipments, and devices to operate in their intended electromagnetic environment within a defined margin of safety, and at design levels or performance, without suffering or causing unacceptable degradation as a result of electromagnetic interference (Electronic Project Design 2009). So, various aspects of the Ocean including the natural earth magnetic field at certain depth and the unnatural magnetic fields caused due to human being for their different installment of instruments have to be sorted out so that no interferences occur at the time of ocean depth probe. All types of equipments and systems must be designed to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications. To achieve this aim, special design techniques are necessary. Their effective use in practical applications depends on the understanding of the underlying physical principles. EMC problems involve complex electromagnetic interactions and hence can only be tackled effectively by a combination of experimental and numerical tools (Christopoulos 1992, pp. 239-247) At the time of investigation of the depth of ocean, using the different techniques to explore the ocean for various purposes the movement of the sound wave in the different level of water is different, depending upon the nature of the water quality and various objects and animal present at particular level. Thigpen et. al (1985) have find out that "in marine seismic exploration, an acoustic source disposed beneath the water surface generates a signal which is reflected from layers beneath the ocean floor and received by hydrophones connected to a remote recording unit." The further investigation explains that "the received reflected signal provides information about the subsurface characteristics of the earth" (Thigpen, B B et al. 1985). This production of sound may interfere if not used properly for the investigation. In an experimental report find out by Thigpen et. al. (1985) shows that "conventional acoustic sources used in marine exploration consist of an array of many air guns or water guns fired simultaneously at pre-selected time intervals." Explaining the effects by this experiment they say "the shape of the acoustic wave or "signature" of the array is dependent upon the depth at which the array is fired and on the synchronization of the firing instant among all the guns in the array." They find out some contrast results with word of caution that "if one of the two parameters or both are not substantially the same for all guns the seismic signature will be less than optimum and if the depths of the guns are different, the firing instant of each gun can be changed by fractions of a millisecond so that the resulting acoustic wave front is at maximum amplitude and strength." JAMSTEC (2007) has provided various techniques to measure the depth of ocean and to find out different aspects of benefit of ocean probe as follows: Sensors to Investigate the Ocean at Different Depths: With the use of CTD (Conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth), an observational instrument to measure the conductivity (salinity), temperature and underwater pressure (depth) of the ocean, electrically, with its deployment in the ocean connected by cable to observe a vertical profile

John Dalton And Atomic Theory

John Dalton And Atomic Theory John Dalton was the originator of atomic theory, which theory provided scientists with new ways of seeing the physical world. Atomic weights and fixed ratios of atoms inside compounds provided researchers with the knowledge to explore chemical compositions of matter. Daltons new information on atomic weights allowed a Russian chemist, Dmitry Mendeleyev, to create the periodic table of elements. This table provided the means for discovering new elements, and Dalton also proposed symbols for the elements. The symbols would represent the atom combination in compounds, but these were later changed to the abbreviations known today. Daltons theory had been accepted at the time, but it opened new questions about atom interactions. The structure and interaction of atoms refined atomic theory. Until Dalton, the line between physics and chemistry was almost unnoticeable, but his atomic theory distinguished and divided the two disciplines. In physics and chemistry, the atom is a cornerstone providing an understanding of matter and force, especially in quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis refers to the measurement of how much of a certain substance is within a sample. Daltons theory was the beginning of nuclear energy and fusion research still used today. The theory also provides for the study of the quantitative relationships between substances in chemical reactions, or stoichiometry. It provides for structural theory and arrangements of atoms for influencing properties. Daltons models eventually turned into the understanding of 3-dimensional qualities of molecules and the affect of structure on properties. Daltons theory did have some inaccuracies, but it did provide the foundation for future generations of scientists. Atomic theory is the idea that matter is made u p of little units called atoms. In 1897, the British scientist J.J. Thomson discovered that atoms are in fact made up of smaller particles. Today atomic theory refers to matter being made up of units that are indivisible only some of the time. Dalton concluded that evaporated water exists in air as an independent gas. He wondered how water and air could occupy the same space at the same time, when obviously solid bodies cant. If the water and air were composed of discrete particles, Dalton reasoned, evaporation might be viewed as a mixing of water particles with air particles. He performed a series of experiments on mixtures of gases to determine what effect properties of the individual gases had on the properties of the mixture as a whole. While trying to explain the results of those experiments, Dalton developed the hypothesis that the sizes of the particles making up different gases must be different. John Dalton published the first table on relative atomic weights that included six elements viz. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur. He stated the atomic weight of hydrogen to be 1. It was not confirmed as to how he derived the atomic weights. However, his laboratory notebook indicated that he found out the relative weights from the studies of the compounds water, carbon dioxide and ammonia. In his notebook, the elements were represented by symbols. He was the first person to propose the idea of identifying an element by its symbol. Later on, elements are represented by their abbreviations, for example, H is the abbreviation of the element hydrogen. While the concept of atoms was thus being made indispensable, the ancient belief that they were probably structure less and certainly indestructible came under devastating attack. J.J. Thomsons discovery of the electron in 1897 soon led to the realization that the mass of an atom largely resides in a positively charged part, electrically neutralized by a cloud of much lighter electrons. A f ew years later Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed how the emission of alpha and beta particles from radioactive elements causes them to be transformed into elements of different chemical properties. By 1913, with Rutherford as the leading figure, the foundations of the modern theory of atomic structure were laid. It was determined that a small, massive nucleus carries all the positive charge whose magnitude, expressed as a multiple of the fundamental charge of the proton, is the atomic number. An equal number of electrons carrying a negative charge numerically equal to that of the proton form a cloud whose diameter is several thousand times that of the nucleus around which they swarm. The atomic number determines the chemical properties of the atom, and in alpha decay a helium nucleus, whose atomic number is 2, is emitted from the radioactive nucleus, leaving one whose atomic number is reduced by 2. In beta decay the nucleus in effect gains one positive charge by emitting a negative electron and thus has its atomic number increased by unity. Rutherfords gold foil experiment, performed in conjunction with Geiger and Marsden, provided evidence for the nucleus due to the scattering of alpha particles. The protons. Further work by Chadwick revealed the existence of neutrons within the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number describes the number of protons in the nucleus. For a neutral atom this is also the number of electrons outside the nucleus. Subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes are atoms of the same element they have the same number of protons, or the same atomic number which have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties. Radioactive isotopes are called radioisotopes. Most of the elements in the periodic table have several isotopes, found in varying proportions for any given element. The average atomic mass of an el ement takes into account the relative proportions of its isotopes found in nature. A nuclear binding force holds the nucleus of the atom together. The nuclear mass defect, a slightly lower mass of the nucleus compared to the sum of the masses of its constituent matter, is due to the nuclear binding energy holding the nucleus together. The mass defect can be used to calculate the nuclear binding energy, with E = mc2. The average binding energy per nucleon is a measure of nuclear stability. The higher the average binding energy, the more stable the nucleus. The basic difference between Rutherfords Atomic Theory and the Plum Pudding Model has to do with the fact that the Plum Pudding Model theorized that an atom was made up electrons the plums surrounded by a positively charged mass the pudding. Rutherford later proved that this wasnt the case and theorized that atoms were comprised of a very small nucleus surrounded by electrons. The basic tenets of that statement are still held to be true in the modern era. The chief difference is the fact that Niels Bohr, when theorizing the design of the atom, included a thesis for the forces that help to hold the atomic structure together. The Bohr model is still widely accepted by contemporary scientists. The Bohr model of the atom was established in 1913 as the leading theory of atomic structure. Because of this, it can be truthfully said that Rutherfords Atomic Theory was an extremely short-lived phenomenon. Despite its brief time frame, however, Rutherfords theory was extremely important because Niels Bohr wouldnt have been able to develop his own model without the established background that Rutherfords Atomic Theory laid out for him. www.angelfire.com/sc2/atomtheory/ www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes//dalton.html www.angelfire.com/sc2/atomtheory/ www.chemprofessor.com/atomic.htm www.nobeliefs.com/atom.htm www.chemlin.net/chemistry/atomic_theory.htm

Essay --

General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life? Essay -- General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life?

Scared straight

Critique of the â€Å"Scared Straight Program† The program established in the 1970s, called Scared Straight is used throughout the United States as a means of deterring Juvenile crime. This program consists of youth that are at risk visiting adult prisons, the youth then have contact with prisoners to hear about the life and reality of being locked up from inmates (Slowikowski, 2011). The programs can involve tours of the facility, living the life of a prisoner for a full day, aggressive â€Å"in-your-face† presentations by inmates, and one- on-one counseling.However well intentioned these prison visit programs may be, decades of research have shown that this approach is not only ineffective, but possibly harmful to youth (Slowikowski, 2011). Now there was a study done by Anthony Petrosino and researchers at the Campbell Collaboration analyzed results from nine Scared Straight Programs and found that such programs generally increased crime up to 28 percent in the experi mental group when compared to a no-treatment control group (Slowikowski, 2011). In another analysis of Juvenile prevention and treatment programs, MarkLipsey of the Vanderbilt Institute for public Policy Studies found that youth who participate in Scared Straight and other similar deterrence programs have higher recidivism rates than youth in control groups (Slowikowski, 2011). Also there was a report done in 1997 presented to the U. S. Congress where there was 500 crime prevention evaluations and said the program â€Å"Scared Straight† is â€Å"what does not work† in preventing Juvenile crime. Yet programs like â€Å"Scared Straight† are continuing to be used as an approach in the United States and throughout the world.On January 13, 2011, A&E Television Networks aired the first of a multiepisode series of reality shows called â€Å"Beyond Scared Straight† (Slowikowski, 2011). It had become the most watched show in the United States with having an audien ce of 3. 7 million people (Sullivan, 2011). This then has parents and viewers thinking the â€Å"Scared Straight† programs works, which then they do not think of the other possibilities of programs that are proven to work and be more beneficial to at-risk youth in deterring Juvenile delinquency. When I think of the A&E series of â€Å"BeyondScared Straight† I think of it as showing at-risk youth at home with their parents what it would be like if they were a part of this program. The at-risk youth I think don't take it as serious as the show portrays it to be because in this program your getting yelled at in your face by the inmates, you have a session where the inmates share their stories with the youth and explain how they wish they would taken a different path, the youth will see their parents through video or glass windows, they may spend up to 24 hours in the facility, etc.With a program like â€Å"Scared Straight† there are many things we can critique. Fir st these programs require young people to project into the future. They don't think like that, they don't think logically or long term. That's why theyre kids. They are impulsive, and think short term, espically whenb it comes to punishment (Sullivan, 2011). Kids know how hit and miss the criminal Justice system is. They believe they might not get caught when they think about committing a crime. What young people react to is: How swift is the punishment in terms of the behavior?How certain is it that a consequence will occur? How severe is the punishment? The extreme nature of the punishment shown in â€Å"scared straight† programs doesn't match the expectations of young people. They don't picture themselves locked up (Sullivan, 2011 . ) Again a program like â€Å"scared straight† is something that was made by adults for young kids, but we need to realize that these young kids don't react the same was as adults do or would in a program like â€Å"scared straight. What these at-risk youths need are to be put in activities of everyday life that will keep them from going to prison rather than putting them in a â€Å"scared straight† rogram saying this is where you're going to be if you continue the road your going down. Why not show these at-risk youth what and where you should want to be in life, like a Job show them responsibility and what it is like to earn hard working money to save for something, to be able to afford the things you want, etc.

Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay

This assignment will discourse chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) , its development and the therapies to handle this disease. Chronic kidney disease is going a planetary public wellness job nevertheless, converting grounds is now able to observe chronic kidney disease by utilizing simple research lab testing and that intervention can forestall or detain complications. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) In order for this to be achieved it must be adopted as a end worldwide in understanding the relationship between chronic kidney disease and other chronic diseases, it is besides of import to develop a public wellness policy to better results in the hereafter. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) chronic diseases are now the taking cause of decease worldwide. There were 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, and 35 were attributed to chronic diseases. There are presently legion footings u sed interchangeably with chronic kidney disease: chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) and end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) are the most common. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Levey et Al 2007 â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an single suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five phases of increasing badness. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Mild kidney disease is frequently called inadequacy. With loss of kidney map there is an accretion of H2O, waste and toxic substances in the organic structure that are usually excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney map besides causes other jobs such as anaemia, high blood force per unit area, acidosis ( inordinate sourness of organic structure fluids ) , upsets of cholesterin and fatty acids and bone disease. Stage five chronic kidney diseases is besides referred to as kidney failure, terminal phase kidney disease, or stop phase nephritic disease wherein there is entire or close entire loss of kidney map. There is unsafe accretion of H2O , waste and toxic substances and most persons in this phase of kidney disease need dialysis or organ transplant to remain alive ( emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The clinical linguistic communication of ( CKD ) is riddled with impreciseness. Inconsistent usage of ( CKD ) nomenclature is confounding for both practicians and patients. Presently legion footings are used interchangeably with ( CKD ) : chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) , progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) , and terminal phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) , are among the most common. The word kidney is of Middle English beginning and is easy understood by patients, their households, suppliers, wellness attention professional and the laic populace of native English talkers. On the other manus nephritic and nephrology derived from Latin and Greek roots, severally, normally require reading and account. The word chronic is an adjectival defined as persisting for a long clip normally associated with an unwellness or a personal or societal job. A chronic unwellness is defined as being relentless long standing and incurable. In medical footings chronic is besides defined as persisting for a long clip. The term imperfect is defined as traveling frontward as with a progressive gesture, continuing measure by measure, cumulative and of a disease increasing in badness or extent ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The term disease is an unhealthy status of the organic structure or head, a peculiar sort of disease with particular symptoms or location. Similarly the term diseased refers to being affected with disease unnatural, or disordered. The synonym finder defines disease as a noun denoting a sort or case of damage of a life being that interferes with normal bodily map ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . â€Å" Chronic kidney disease is progressively recognized as a planetary public wellness job. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Translating these progresss to simple and applicable public wellness steps must be adopted as a end worldwide. Understanding the relationship between ( CKD ) and other chronic disease is of import to developin g a public wellness policy to better results. Chronic disease is now the taking cause of decease worldwide. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) estimates that there were about 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, with 35 million attributed to chronic disease. While ( CKD ) is non mentioned in the two 1000 and five study it is now recognized that ( CKD ) is common in people with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) hazard factors and that ( CKD ) multiples the hazard for inauspicious results in these conditions ( Levey, A, S, et al 2007 ) . ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" There are two types of nephritic replacing therapies for patients. Most patients are campaigners for both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood before the blood is returned to the organic structure. Peritoneal dialysis filters, cleans blood and removes extra fluid. Peritoneal offers more freedom for persons compared to hemodialysis since patients do non necessitate to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. Persons /patients need to be educated on chronic kidney disease so that they are able to better pull off their attention and intervention and every bit good as taking the appropriate therapy in respects to their attention ( Emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † â€Å" The demand to educate patients in order to enable them to take part in doing appropriate picks for all curative options in terminal phase nephritic disease would look obvious yet there are many barriers to supplying such information. Adequate chronic kidney disease instruction can detain the oncoming of dialysis, increase patient pick of less dearly-won homed-based therapies and better results of patient after the start of dialysis ( Finkelstein, F O, et Al, 2008 ) . † â€Å" The chief causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood force per unit area. Type one and type two diabetes mellitus causes a status called diabetic kidney disease which is the taking cause of kidney disease in the United States. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) if non controlled can damage the kidneys over clip. There are legion other causes but theses are most common. There is no remedy for chronic kidney disease the four ends of therapy are: decelerate the patterned advance of disease, dainty implicit in causes and lending factors, dainty complications of disease and replace lost kidney map. Schemes for decelerating patterned advance and handling conditions underlying chronic kidney disease include the undermentioned: control of blood glucose, control of high blood force per unit area and diet. Complications that may necessitate medical intervention are unstable keeping, anaemia, bone disease, and acidosis ( emedicinehealth 2010 ) . â⠂¬  In decision chronic kidney disease is a serious public wellness concern which is now recognized worldwide. The two chief causes of chronic kidney disease are type one and type two diabetes and the other being high blood force per unit area. Educating patients on chronic kidney disease enables them to be able to do picks in respects to their intervention and attention. Patients that are now educated on chronic kidney disease can now take the appropriate therapy, whether it be hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, most of the clip peritoneal dialysis offer more freedom for patients whereas haemodialysis requires the patient to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. The control of blood glucose, high blood force per unit area and diet are really of import in keeping the patterned advance of chronic kidney disease. Public steps must be adopted worldwide if there are to be better wellness policies to better results in the hereafter. â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an sin gle suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Harmonizing to The World Health Organization ( WHO ) 35 million deceases were attributed to chronic diseases, while it was non mentioned in the study chronic kidney disease is common in people with cardiovascular disease. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Once once more patients need to be able to understand what complications intervention and therapies are available when covering with chronic kidney disease, holding this type of cognition dosage non bring around the patient but it slows down the patterned advance of this disease.

Definition of Deliberative Rhetoric

Definition of Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric (from the Greek- rhetor: orator,  tekhne: art), also known as  legislative rhetoric  or  deliberative discourse,  is  speech or writing that attempts to persuade  an audience to take- or not take- some action.  According to Aristotle, the  deliberative  is  one of the three major branches of  rhetoric. (The other two branches are judicial  and epideictic.)   Whereas judicial  (or forensic) rhetoric is primarily concerned with past events, deliberative discourse, says Aristotle, always advises about things to come. Political oratory and debate fall under the category of deliberative rhetoric.​ Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric, says A.O. Rorty, is directed to those who must decide on a course of action (members of the assembly, for instance), and is typically concerned with what will turn out to be useful (sumpheron) or harmful (blaberon) as means to achieve specific ends  in matters of defense, war and peace, trade, and legislation (The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric in  Aristotle: Politics, Rhetoric and Aesthetics,  1999). Use of Deliberative Rhetoric    ArgumentArtistic Proofs and Inartistic ProofsThe Art of PersuasionExhortation Aristotle on Deliberative Rhetoric    [In Aristotles Rhetoric,] the deliberative rhetor must exhort or persuade his audience, his speech is addressed to a judge of the future, and its end is to promote the good and avoid the harmful. Deliberative rhetoric concerns contingencies within human control. The deliberative orator addresses topics such as war and peace, national defense, trade, and legislation, in order to assess what is harmful and beneficial. Accordingly, he must grasp the relationships between various means and the ends of experience and happiness. (Ruth CA Higgins, The Empty Eloquence of Fools: Rhetoric in Classical Greece. Rediscovering Rhetoric: Law, Language, and the Practice of Persuasion, ed. by Justin T. Gleeson and Ruth Higgins. Federation Press, 2008)     Deliberative rhetoric is  concerned with future events; its action is exhortation or dissuasion...Deliberative rhetoric is about expediency, that is, it is concerned with the means to happiness rather than with what happiness actually is; the special topics which inform debate about this represent what can be described as the Good, with what brings happiness.  (Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric. Routledge, 2008)   Deliberative Argument as Performance A good deliberative argument is a carefully timed performance. Unlike a work of exposition, which allows, indeed often invites, the reader to pause and study some part of it at his leisure, a deliberative argument gives the illusion of a controlled, generally increasing momentum, and its effect can be ruined by an interruption. The speaker uses every possible means to jog our attention- exclamations, apostrophes, questions, gestures- and to spur us ever forward, not only with series of tapered expressions but also by means of stimulating suspensions...Our speakers purpose is not so much to induce or enable us to remember the parts of his argument as to inspire us to cast a favorable vote when hands are to be counted: movere  [to move] rather than docere [to teach]. (Huntington Brown, Prose Styles: Five Primary Types. University  of Minnesota Press, 1966) The Primary Appeals of Deliberative Discourse All deliberative discourses are concerned with what we should choose or what we should avoid...Are there some common denominators among the appeals that we use when we are engaged in exhorting someone to do or not to do something, to accept or to reject a particular view of things? There are indeed. When we are trying to persuade people to do something, we try to show them that what we want them to do is either good or advantageous. All of our appeals in this kind of discourse  can be reduced to these two heads: (1) the worthy (dignitas) or the good (bonum) and (2) the advantageous or expedient or useful (utilitas)... Whether we lean heaviest on the topic of the worthy or the topic of the advantageous will depend largely on two considerations: (1) the nature of our subject, (2) the nature of our audience. It should be obvious that some things are intrinsically more worthy than others.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999) Pronunciation: di-LIB-er-a-tiv

Convicting Raskolnikov Dostoevskys Views On Criminal Justice Essays

Convicting Raskolnikov Dostoevskys Views On Criminal Justice Essays Convicting Raskolnikov Dostoevsky's views on Criminal Justice At the close of Crime and Punishment, Raskolinkov is convicted of Murder and sentenced to seven years in Siberian prison. Yet even before the character was conceived, Fyodor Dostoevsky had already convicted Raskolinkov in his mind (Frank, Dostoevsky 101). Crime and Punishment is the final chapter in Dostoevsky's journey toward understanding the forces that drive man to sin, suffering, and grace. Using ideas developed in Notes from Underground and episodes of his life recorded in Memoirs of the House of the Dead, Dostoevsky puts forth in Crime in Punishment a stern defense of natural law and an irrefutable volume of evidence condemning Raskolnikov's actions (Bloom, Notes 25). Central to the prosecution of any crime, murder in particular, is the idea of motive. Not only must the prosecutor prove the actus rectus or "guilty act," but also that the criminal possessed the mens rea or "guilty mind" (Schmalleger 77). The pages of Crime and Punishment and the philosophies of Dostoevsky provide ample proof of both. The first is easy; Dostoevsky forces the reader to watch firsthand as Raskolnikov "took the axe all the way out, swung it with both hands, scarcely aware of himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the butt-end down on her head" (Crime and Punishment 76). There is no doubt Raskolnikov caused the death of Alena Ivanovna and, later, Lizaveta, but whether he possessed the mens rea is another matter entirely. By emphasizing the depersonalization Raskolnikov experiences during the murder, the fact that he was "scarcely aware of himself" and acted "almost mechanically" the sympathetic reader might conclude that some unknown fo! rce of nature, and not the person Raskolnikov, is to blame for the death of the usurer and her sister (Nutall 160). Dostoevsky's answer to this is contained not in Crime and Punishment, but rather in an earlier work, Notes from Underground. The entire story of the Underground Man was intended to parody the works of Nicolai G. Chernyshevsky, and thereby prove that man's actions are the result of his own free-will. The idea that man is alone responsible for his actions is central to proving that Raskolnikov is really to blame for his crime. For under the Chernyshevsky-embraced doctrine of scientific determinism, Raskolnikov cannot be held accountable for his actions. Rather, scientific determinism holds that whatever actions men take are inevitable and unalterable because they are "totally determined by the laws of nature." The Underground man was created by Dostoevsky as a man who accepts without question scientific determinismhe is a projection of Chernyshevsky's theories at their most extreme. The result is not the utopian vision of Chernyshevsky, but rather an antisocial animal that is barely recognizable as human (Frank "Nihilism" 37). The reason, according to Dostoevsky, for the problems of the Underground Man, is that he is incapable of any moral action because he lives in a world devoid of blame. At one point, the Underground man imagines forgiving someone for having slapped him in the face; but he cannot. Although the human side of the Underground man realizes that it is moral to forgive, determinism convinces him that "the man who would have slapped my face would most probably have done it in obedience to the laws of nature" (Notes from Underground 45). And so he cannot blame the other for slapping him because nature is really to blame (Frank "Nihilism" 50). But, as the Underground Man points out "even if it is the law of nature, it hurts all the same." According to Dostoevsky, blame is central to humanity. We must accept the responsibility and the consequences of our actions, since we alone determine what they are (Frank "Nihilism" 56). So, Raskolnikov cannot blame fate for his misfortune. But what can! he blame? Why, then did Raskolnikov, a "handsome young man," well educated, devoted to his family, choose to kill a defenseless old woman? Like the main character of Notes from Underground, Raskolinkov finds himself torn between reason and objective morality (Jackson 150). In an essay written six months prior to the start of the novel entitled "On Crime" Raskolnikov lays down the foundation of his rational justification for murder. "On Crime" describes a world split into two groups of

Satraps of the Persian Empire

Satraps of the Persian Empire A satrap was a provincial governor during ancient Persian imperial times.  Each ruled a province, also known as a satrapy. Satraps have ruled the various provinces of Persia in different periods for an incredibly long period of time, from the age of the Median Empire, 728 to 559 BCE, through the Buyid Dynasty, 934 to 1062 CE. At different times, satraps territories within Persias empire have stretched from the borders of India in the east to Yemen in the south, and west to Libya. Satraps Under Cyrus the Great Although the Medes seem to be the first people in history to have divided their lands up into provinces, with individual provincial leaders, the system of satrapies really came into its own during the time of the Achaemenid Empire (sometimes known as the Persian Empire), c. 550 to 330 BCE.  Under the Achaemenid Empires founder, Cyrus the Great, Persia was divided into 26 satrapies.  The satraps ruled in the name of the king and paid tribute to the central government. Achaemenid satraps had considerable power.  They owned and administered the land in their provinces, always in the kings name.  They served as the chief judge for their region, adjudicating disputes and decreeing the punishments for various crimes.  Satraps also collected taxes, appointed and removed local officials, and policed the roads and public spaces.   To prevent the satraps from exercising too much power and possibly even challenging the kings authority, each satrap answered to a royal secretary, known as the eye of the king.  In addition, the chief financial officer and the general in charge of troops for each satrapy reported directly to the king, rather than to the satrap.   Expansion and Weakening of the Empire Under Darius the Great, the Achaemenid Empire expanded to 36 satrapies.  Darius regularized the tribute system, assigning each satrapy a standard amount according to its economic potential and population. Despite the controls put in place, as the Achaemenid Empire weakened, the satraps began to exercise more autonomy and local control.  Artaxerxes II (r. 404 - 358 BCE), for example, faced what is known as the Revolt of the Satraps between 372 and 382 BCE, with uprisings in Cappadocia (now in Turkey), Phrygia (also in Turkey), and Armenia. Perhaps most famously, when Alexander the Great  of Macedon suddenly died in 323 BCE, his generals divided up his empire into satrapies. They did this to avoid a succession struggle. Since Alexander did not have an heir; under the satrapy system, each of the Macedonian or Greek generals would have a territory to rule under the Persian title of satrap. The Hellenistic satrapies were much smaller than those of the Persian satrapies, however.  These Diadochi, or successors, ruled their satrapies until one by one they fell between 168 and 30 BCE. When the Persian people threw off Hellenistic rule  and unified once more as the Parthian Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE), they retained the satrapy system. In fact, Parthia was originally a satrapy in northeastern Persia, which went on to conquer most of the neighboring satrapies. The term satrap is derived from the Old Persian kshathrapavan, meaning guardian of the realm. In modern English usage, it can also mean a despotic lesser ruler or a corrupt puppet leader.

Twitter, the Micro blogging Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Twitter, the Micro blogging Website - Essay Example This essay provides reader detailed instruction on how to sign up and what to expect from Twitter. Many Twitter terms also mentioned and explained by author, such as account, follower, tweet, retweet and like. Social component also described very well, celebrities are likely to attract more followers than people who are less famous. It is thus, a useful tool for celebrities to connect with their fans and understand their tastes. Celebrities like Justin Bieber and Prianka Chopra are also mentioned, they constantly update their accounts and are able to stay in touch with fans by posting messages and pictures. Twitter has become so popular amongst people that it is one of the major media that is used by the high and the mighty in the world of media, news and entertainment. Even in third world countries where the density of internet users may not be as much as the ones in Europe and North America, Twitter is a very important phenomenon.This in itself points to the popularity of twitter all over the world. Twitter thus has a role to play in channelizing revolution and strikes in different parts of the world as well. Twitter and other such social networking sites have been criticized for the sense of virtual reality that they create and the inability that many people have to come out of it into what we term reality, author states. However, it can be used as a platform where diverse people can come together and share their opinions and aspects of their lives that they may not have been able to as a result of the compulsions of time and space.

Security Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Security Risk Management - Case Study Example In this essay, I am going to highlight a successful Risk Management project undertaken by us in the Kumtor Operating Company, a prime value asset and gold mine of Kyrgyzstan. The company, due to its valuable product and huge future potential, was fraught with many risk factors. External ones included rising Islamic militancy and vulnerability due to close proximity of US forces fighting was against terror at Bishkek. On the other hand, internal risk factors included security of the gold production and storage facilities, corruption, lack of insurance against loss and many such mitigating factors. Our role as security managers was to prepare loss prevention techniques after applying critical risk assessment theories, and using the relevant ones to achieve the aim. Risk Management in our context was to include both external and internal aspects of Kumtor Operating Company. Gold mining in a developing country is always full of many intangible risks owing to a high value product. Unless the management takes a proactive stance in this regards, the losses to the company from the within itself can be monumental. Adding the external dimensions make the costs of losses absolutely prohibitive for the company. Hence, in this essay I have discussed how each aspect of risk was appreciated correctly and resolved after due consideration of all associated factors. The four strategies of Risk Avoidance, Risk Reduction, Risk Transfer and Risk Retention were applied to each existing risk factor after due deliberations, and a detailed Risk Management and loss prevention plan was worked out, discussed with the authorities and implemented after convincing the top bosses of its rationale and effectiveness for allocation of necessary budget. A situation exists today where the losses due to management of mining process have reduced unbelievably thereby directly benefiting t he company both financially and security wise. The loss prevention program thus necessitated to first bring out the specific risk factors relevant in our context. While most such risks could have been dealt with from within the resources, a certain amount of external help would be required sooner or later. Further, after assessing the risks, the most important task was to classify them accurately into four types of risk management strategies. Optimum classification would ensure that the future action plan would be economically most suitable for the company and beneficial in the long run. While some risks can be avoided and reduced, some inherent risks may have to be retained due to adverse tilt of cost vs. benefit analysis. At the same time, some risks would be too heavy to bear and would need to be transferred to an insuring agency. Hence, we now commenced our ground work for loss prevention plan on a war footing. (Risk Management strategies) Kumtor Operating Company Kyrgyzstan is an ex-soviet satellite state that became independent in 1992 and is now called the Kyrgyz Republic. The Kyrgyz Republic is geographically bordered to the North, North West by Kazakhstan, to the South West

STRATEGY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

STRATEGY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION - Essay Example A company can gain a competitive advantage by optimizing the coordination of the value chain to create value for services and products, which are more than what it would cost to perform value activities. Thus, a company could create additional value without necessarily having to increase costs or amount of producing these products or services. The customers then pay for the added value. Starbuck’s strategy will also be analyzed and evaluated using Porter’s generic strategy, which involve focus, differentiation, and cost leadership. Cost leadership involves pursuing reduction of costs through a firm control of overheads, sacrificing R&D, and avoiding less profitable and marginal customers. Differentiation involves coming up with a unique product in the market that could be customer service, dealer networks, and brand image. Focus involves targeting a specific group, segment, or geographic market of a product line. Starbucks today would seem to be pursuing differentiation as a generic strategy, although when it started out, its generic strategy was more the strategy of focus emphasizing more on differentiation in a specific segment of the target consumer. In this case, Porter’s generic model will analyze and evaluate the strategies that Starbucks uses in gaining a competitive advantage while Porter’s generic strategies will examine how they utilize these competitive advantages. Analysis and Evaluation of Starbuck’s Using Generic Strategy Model On top of an established strategy based on competence, which is a major contributor to the success enjoyed by Starbuck’s, the company utilizes other strategies so as to maintain a competitive advantage over its main competitors (Thompson & Arsel, 2009: p238). According to Porter, a company has at its disposal three basic strategies that it can use as leverage in its industry. These include focus, differentiation, and cost leadership. Cost leadership is a strategy that aims to produc e low cost products that are of high quality while also reducing the firm’s operational costs. However, Starbucks does not utilize this strategy since its products are high cost. A company can also use the strategy of differentiation that entails the creation of services and products that are unique. The firm’s clients then perceive these services or products as unique and an addition of value, which allows the company to charge premium prices on the services and products. Meanwhile, the focus generic strategy involves specific sections or segments of consumers and can be combined with the cost leadership or differentiation strategies (Thompson & Arsel, 2009: p239). Starbucks pursues the focus on generic strategy within their specific target client segment with added emphasis in and the combination of differentiation generic strategy. Starbucks utilizes the generic strategy of focus with a target base of consumers that is composed of educated and wealthy drinkers of co ffee that are willing to part with more money for quality customer service and products (Smith, 2011: p505). Starbucks aims at a specific and narrow portion of the coffee industry’s consumers. Therefore, Starbucks’ strategy lays focus on the segment with its services and products being especially designed to meet the wants and needs of this segment of consumer. In terms of integrating the differentiation strategy with that of focus, the firm’s brand is presented with various characteristics that are diverse. Other

The Rising Cost of Health Care, and the Uninsured Essay

The Rising Cost of Health Care, and the Uninsured - Essay Example In the face of rising health care costs, fewer employers are able to provide their workers with health insurance; the percentage of employers offering health insurance dropped from 69% in 2000 to 60% in 2005. Even if employers are able to provide health insurance benefits, the trend is towards providing high-deductible insurance that covers an ever-shrinking percentage of health care costs. The net result is that more and more employed middle-class Americans find themselves with low-quality or no access to health care. The erosion of employer-based coverage has been partially offset by increased enrollment in Medicaid, which is designed to provide a safety-net for the lowest income Americans. However, Medicaid has recently been the subject of relentless funding cuts by cash-strapped states and Congressional representatives who are ideologically opposed to welfare programs. As the program continues to be slashed, it is certain that Medicaid will not be able to offset the losses in employer-based insurance, resulting in more and more uninsured individuals. Health insecurity is at an all-time high. In a time when thousands of people lose their health insurance every day, when health care is becoming elusive to even well-to-do Americans, and when any person is just one pink slip away from becoming uninsured, it becomes clear that health care for all is not just important to achieve, but imperative. (http://66.249.93.104/searchq=cache:MjuwB2oUF14J:www.amsa.org/uhc/CaseForUHC.pdf+%22Health+insecurity+is+at+an+all-time+high.+In+a+time+when+thousands%22&hl=en&gl=pk&ct=clnk&cd=1) Most people have health insurance through their employers or jobs. But, employment is no longer a guarantee of health insurance coverage. As companies change from manufacturing-based economy to a service economy, the working patterns revolve and health insurance coverage has become less stable. Due to rising health insurance, many employers cannot afford to offer health benefits. Companies that do offer health insurance, often require employees to contribute a larger share toward their coverage. As a result, a lot of people have made a decision not to take advantage of job-based health insurance because they cannot afford it. Because of this healthcare spending continues to rise at the fastest rate in history. For example in 2004, according to the National Coalition of Healthcare (NCHC) the total national health expenditures rose 7.9 percent -- over three times the rate of inflation (1). Total spending was $1.9 TRILLION in 2004, or $6,280 per person (1). Total healthcare spending represented 16 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Healthcare spending is expected to increase at similar levels for the next decade reaching $4 TRILLION in 2015, or 20 percent of GDP. In 2005, employer health insurance premiums increased by 9.2 percent - nearly three times the rate of inflation. The annual premium for an employer health plan covering a family of four averaged nearly $11,000. The annual premium for single coverage averaged over $4,000. Experts say our healthcare system is filled with inefficiencies, unnecessary administrative expenses, inflated prices, poor management, and inappropriate care, waste and fraud. These problems drastically

The Strategic Use of Information and Communication Technology Dissertation

The Strategic Use of Information and Communication Technology - Dissertation Example The findings of the paper reveals that majority of the SME enterprises have considered ICT as the catalyst of their business Apart from the gains that the SMEs are presently accruing from the use of the ICT in their operations the ICT can also be used to reap further gains by implementing the ICT in a more integrated and strategic manner (Maguire and Koh, 2007, 16). Franklin is of the opinion that the ICT can be used by the SMEs to improve their functioning. This would help in making the information about micro- credit facilities and production technology more accessible. Apart from this it facilitates the skills building of the organization by the method of distance learning (Franklin, 2006, 15). The three assets of the Information technology (IT) that is the human asset, the technology assets and the relationships assets helps in the planning, delivery and operation procedures in an organization (Ross, 1995, 16). The four pillars of IT in an organization are the â€Å"IT and the b usiness alignment†; â€Å"IT strategic planning†, â€Å"security and privacy† and â€Å"attracting, developing and retaining IT professionals†. ... Advertising and suggestions projected concerning the products of a firm is also a crucial step (Liebowitz and Khosrowpour, 1997, 221). Proper alignment of business activities is very much required in an organization. For instance, in case of Wal-Mart, information technology has been used in order to alter the model of business. The firm has allowed the suppliers to find place on the shelf of the company which would be paid for what they get (Light, 2005, 113). The study conducted by King and Teao reveals that the organizations which undertakes a strategic approach in their functioning emphasizes more on the use of the IT in their works than the other firms. The internal factors affecting the functioning of the organization lays down the need of strategic systems in their works. The strategic systems emphasizes on the need of IT in their works. This enables the smooth and efficient functioning of the organization (King and Teao, 1994, 10). The knowledge management, which is facilitate d by the use of ICT in the organization’s operation, enables the enterprise in utilizing its tangible and non-tangible knowledge resources can be used in a SME by locating and capturing the innovative ideas and strategies, by sharing the information about the procedures, which are cost effective (Menkhoff, Wah and Loh, 2004, 19-21; Melville, Kraemer, and Gurbaxani, 2004, 284). Pillania in his work talks about the catalytic role that the aligned knowledge management strategy plays in firm’s growth. But he also observes certain limitations of the KM (knowledge management) in boosting the growth of SMEs. Hence it is advisable for the firms to manage its knowledge base in way so that the challenges can be overcome

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 10

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references. How, if at all, does - Essay Example Along these lines it is essential for the petitioner to secure that the litigant owed them a duty of care. The presence of a duty of care hinges on, upon the sort of misfortune and distinctive legitimate tests, applying to diverse misfortunes. This address recognizes the position in connection to particular damage and property harm. Critical Evaluations between a university and an employer in reference provisions Liability of a university such as Sussex in providing reference In the University of Sussex, It has dependably been clear that they owe a general obligation of consideration in planning references for learners. On the other hand, court decisions now make clear that this obligation has a particular legitimate measurement, and that an official may be subject for harms to the subject of a reference if misfortune is brought on to that individual through carelessness. Such obligation might come to fruition through lack of regard on matters of reality or estimation. In this way th ey guarantee that they put a duplicate of the reference you compose on the focal record. For current learners, this means the School record; for ex-people they send it to the Student Systems Office, Sussex House to be documented (Sussex, 2013). They likewise attempt to be reasonable, acknowledging the obligation of consideration owed to both the subject and the beneficiary of the reference, they also guarantee that the reference is genuinely exact and true as they are unequivocally encouraged to ask for, as suitable, the present School document or the filed index from the Student Systems Office and to check your realities as needs be (Sussex, 2013). It is additionally exceptional to note that they attempt however much as could reasonably be expected to oppose demands to compose up unsolicited references particularly when the person has not referred to you as a ref and likewise have halted from phone references as Oral references are effectively mis-interpreted, mis-listened, or misc onstrued (Sussex, 2013). This practice does not contrast much from the act of that of a manager to the procurement of references as is set to be laid out underneath or below. Liability of an employer providing References. There is no legitimate commitment on a boss to provide a reference for an ex-representative. This is liable to administrative prerequisites in certain divisions, for example financial services and where the gatherings have entered into an understanding, for example a bargain assertion under which they have contractually concurred a reference. A management's strategy on whether or not to give a reference needs to be dependable: a choice to provide a reference to some however not all ex-representatives could be discriminatory under the Equality Act 2010 (the Act) if this is linked to ensured qualities (Flint, 2013). Where a superintendent does provide a reference, he/she has a duty of care to the ex-representative and must take sensible care in the readiness of the r eference which must be accurate, correct and reasonable and not give a misleading image. While the given reference does not necessarily have to be comprehensive, it should not be misleading through oversight. A manager may be obligated for careless error where its reference gives an inaccurate impression and in great cases it might likewise be subject in the tort of double

The Strategic Use of Information and Communication Technology Dissertation

The Strategic Use of Information and Communication Technology - Dissertation Example The findings of the paper reveals that majority of the SME enterprises have considered ICT as the catalyst of their business Apart from the gains that the SMEs are presently accruing from the use of the ICT in their operations the ICT can also be used to reap further gains by implementing the ICT in a more integrated and strategic manner (Maguire and Koh, 2007, 16). Franklin is of the opinion that the ICT can be used by the SMEs to improve their functioning. This would help in making the information about micro- credit facilities and production technology more accessible. Apart from this it facilitates the skills building of the organization by the method of distance learning (Franklin, 2006, 15). The three assets of the Information technology (IT) that is the human asset, the technology assets and the relationships assets helps in the planning, delivery and operation procedures in an organization (Ross, 1995, 16). The four pillars of IT in an organization are the â€Å"IT and the b usiness alignment†; â€Å"IT strategic planning†, â€Å"security and privacy† and â€Å"attracting, developing and retaining IT professionals†. ... Advertising and suggestions projected concerning the products of a firm is also a crucial step (Liebowitz and Khosrowpour, 1997, 221). Proper alignment of business activities is very much required in an organization. For instance, in case of Wal-Mart, information technology has been used in order to alter the model of business. The firm has allowed the suppliers to find place on the shelf of the company which would be paid for what they get (Light, 2005, 113). The study conducted by King and Teao reveals that the organizations which undertakes a strategic approach in their functioning emphasizes more on the use of the IT in their works than the other firms. The internal factors affecting the functioning of the organization lays down the need of strategic systems in their works. The strategic systems emphasizes on the need of IT in their works. This enables the smooth and efficient functioning of the organization (King and Teao, 1994, 10). The knowledge management, which is facilitate d by the use of ICT in the organization’s operation, enables the enterprise in utilizing its tangible and non-tangible knowledge resources can be used in a SME by locating and capturing the innovative ideas and strategies, by sharing the information about the procedures, which are cost effective (Menkhoff, Wah and Loh, 2004, 19-21; Melville, Kraemer, and Gurbaxani, 2004, 284). Pillania in his work talks about the catalytic role that the aligned knowledge management strategy plays in firm’s growth. But he also observes certain limitations of the KM (knowledge management) in boosting the growth of SMEs. Hence it is advisable for the firms to manage its knowledge base in way so that the challenges can be overcome

We Dont Sell Foods, We Sell Health Research Paper - 2

We Dont Sell Foods, We Sell Health - Research Paper Example The target market for this ad is basically full-time housewife who wants taking good care of family and people who are interested in changing body condition by eating healthy foods. In this case, I choose to design this ad looks like a shopping receipt. My core idea is to tell customers Whole Foods Market sells health instead of foods and they buy more percentage to live well with the most competitive prices possible. According to Jenkins, an advert should capture the attention of the audience at a glance (Jefkins & Yadin, 2000). I used the font as the same one on the formal receipt in my ad because I want my audience to recognize it as a receipt immediately. The font color is black and the logo is green just like the Whole Foods current logo. The receipt also seems to be laying on the desk and a little curve in order to make it more stereoscopic and attractive. This feature enhances the clarity of the advert to the customer and brings out more attention and focus on the information provided. The final ad features â€Å"total health† in order to equip the knowledge to customers of the true nature of services available. It shows that complete health awareness is found here. The advert aims at increasing the awareness of customers of the significance of high-quality foods. This implies care on the part of the seller to the customers in promoting the quality and health in life. Vincent argues that an advertisement needs to be colorful and attractive depending on the media used. This captures the attention of the audience and sends a good message with clarity (Vincent, 1989). This receipt is suitable for magazine advertising since it lacks color and can be outstanding in the colorful magazine layout. The message is precise and the advert has been designed in a mode to fit in a small part of the magazine.  Ã‚  

Biography Of Tim Burton Film Studies Essay

Biography Of Tim Burton Film Studies Essay His first job for Disney was in The Fox and the Hound (1981). This first work was brief because the studies considered the artistic profile of Burton would fit more in the conceptual art of the Black Cauldron. The Burton designs and ideas for both films were not used to not be understood by Disney. After leaving work on the Disney movie Tim Burton began to develop more personal projects, including his first two shorts, (Vincent and Frankenweenie ) the quale they had very good acceptance by the critics and the public. Also began to write and illustrate a Christmas poem, which years later would charge life, Nightmare Before Christmas. Burton befriended Julie Hickson executive and manager of creative development of Disney, Tom Wilhite, amazed by his talent decided to finance his first short film Vincent to $ 60,000. It was during this time that Burton learned and specialization in the art of stop motion, for two months along with other entertainers Burton skilled in the art, Vincent created a black and white story, based on some stories of Edgar Allan Poe. To achieve this Tim Burton enlisted the help of his favorite actor Vincent Price who gave voice to the narration of the story. The play received numerous awards in Chicago and France, still not commercialized Disney ever. In 1984, Burton created his first non-animated short film, Frankenweenie it was based on Frankestain of James Whale, the play was a childs efforts to resurrect his dog Sparky hit by a car. For this short featured actors Burton Barret Oliver, David Stern and Shelly Duval. The film received a Saturn Award nomination. However, at the end of production Disney Tim Burton decided to dismiss, holding that the short was too scary for younger audiences. It was not until 1994 after the success of future work of Burton when he began selling. 1.2.4-The consolidation of Burton as director and producer. The big venture of Pee-wee: Despite the failed working with Disney, Burtons work began to have some spread and caught the attention of some producers. Griffin Dune including that offered Burton directing a comedy called After Hours in 1985, was finally Martin Scorssese in charge of directing this movie. That same year the actor Paul Rubens Burton offered to direct a film about his famous comic character Pee-wee Herman. This work was the first Tim Burton film as director and production was a success since its initial cost 7 million dollars, box office obtained profits of more than 40 million dollars. In that same movie Tim Burton Danny Elfman asked to compose the soundtrack of the same, and so begin a director-composer collaborations more consolidated in the history of cinema. Beetlejuice: In 1988, Tim Burton took the opportunity to direct his second film, Beetlejuice was a black comedy. The film told the story of a couple that after buying a nice house with a fatal traffic accident. After discovering his tragic end the couple, now ghosts trying to make out the new tenants of the house with the help of an eccentric bioexorcist Beetlejuice. This time the film featured in the cast, Michael Keaton, Winona Ryder, Alec Bldwin, and Geena Davis. Received several awards including an Oscar for best makeup and box office earnings of 80 million dollars. Batman: A Burton was offered in 1989 the possibility of directing the first feature film from the Batman comic book character. The director accepted the job, provided they can choose the actors and film aesthetics. Burton and producers Warner Bros have been involved in numerous discussions of pre-production, as Burton wanted Michael Keaton as an actor who had worked with in Beetlejuice and the producers were thinking of a more muscular actor. Following the aesthetic of comic Burton finally got what he wanted, to use Keaton in the role of Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, with the intention of attracting the public uninterested in superhero movies. The film was a success, and he got more than 400 million dollars, becoming the most successful movie of all time movies so far. Additional aesthetic mind chosen by Tim Burton for the city of Gotham City was adapted in the following comics. 1.2.5-The prodigious decade: Edward Scissorshands: In 1990, Burton wrote a new feature this would be interpreted by the idol of youth at the time that Johnny Depp would play the character of Edward, a being created by an eccentric scientist (Vincent Price, who play his last role before his death). Edward had human appearance but after the death of its creator was unfinished and had hands instead of one large scissors. Edward Scissorhands was filmed in Florida and is considered by many fans and critics of Burton as the best of his works, surely Edward Scissorhands is the work collected over the Burton aesthetic that makes a filmmaker unlike any other, either texture, color, character design or objects. Batman Returns: Although Warner Bros would not produce Edward Scissorhands, he was offered the opportunity to direct the sequel to Batman Returns, Burton accepted the condition of having full creative powers. For that film was Burton Michael Keaton again in the role of Batman, Danny DeVito in the role of the Penguin and Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman. The film received a lot of criticism for being too dark and not very close to children. Still get a revenue of 160 million dollars, the Warner Bros. decided not to have the services of Tim Buton upon learning that he was preparing a new dry with an aesthetic similar to that of Batman Return. So Burton decided to start preparing a new project, this time returning to its roots as an animator. Nightmare Before Christmas: Tim Burton had planned to write and illustrate a childrens story, but in 1993 just changing that story in his next film. Nightmare Before Christmas, is his great work of animation. Directed by Henry Selick, the film tells the story of Jack Skeleton, the king of Halloween, who wants to understand Christmas, adapting their habits as monarch to carry out this holiday. The film was made using Stop Motion techniques and although there was an overwhelming success at the box office, is considered a cult film and one of the best musical film ever made it. Ed Wood: In 1994, Burton made one of his lesser known films, a narrative biography of Ed Wood, considered the worst filmmaker of all time. Burton pays homage to the director (played by Johnny Depp) which considers a direct influence, for its horror and fantasy in this film involved Martin Landau, Bill Murray and Lisa Marie. Although there was much less commercial success, helped the Burton film cogiera more fans and reopen the interest in the film Ed Wood. Batman Forever: Despite its intention to conduct the next part of Batman, Warner Bros. decided it would be the director Joel Schumacher with the intention of bringing the film to children and Tim Burton would make his work as a producer. This fact caused that Michael Keaton to resign his role as protagonist, and was hired Val Kimler in place. Tim Burton aesthetic differ in many aspects of the film which was contrary. The film generated $ 335 million and Warner, hired Schumacher to fourth, where Tim Burton no longer participate. Mars Attacks!: In 1996 Tim Burton returns to direct a feature film is trying to Mars Attacks! This film is a hybrid of science fiction films of the 50th and the total destruction of the 70th went unnoticed at the box office, surely the fact first 5 months after the Independent Day, made the film to be discredited by critics and public American, but had very good reviews abroad and won many admirers in marketing in VHS and DVD. Sleepy Hollow: In 1999 Tim Burton returned to his more eccentric and supernatural world, based on a story by Washington Irving, which tells the story of the Headless Horseman. Featuring a new interpretation of Johnny Depp in the role of Forensic and Christina Ricci in the role of Karina Van Tassel. The film won an Oscar for best art direction and two BAFTA awards in the categories of Best Production Design and Best Costume. 1.2.6-Year 2000. Planet of the Apes: After his breakup with his wife Lisa Marie, Burton conducted a remake of the 1968 film of Franklin Schaffner. The film was a success, earning 68 million dollars in the first week of release. Still, the film was widely panned by critics and fans of Burton, to get away entirely from its style and dark, nihilistic style of the first version. Despite finishing with an open ending does not seem to be any intention on the part of Burton to continue the saga. Big Fish: In 2003, Burton surprised everyone again with a custom Disney, Big Fish is a film away from the dark world of Burton but that recreates an imaginary fantasy world full of surprises. The film received four nominations for Golden Globe And for many fans is the most amazing film. In this film, Burton had the interpretation of Ewan McGregor and his new wife Helena Bonham Carter. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Johnny Depp again which seems to be their star player, Tim Burton made this film based on a story by Roald Dahl, the film was a blockbuster hit 207 million in the U.S. alone. Characterization, and the voice of Johnny Depp in the role of Willy Wonka, was recognized in many ways as a film icon and aesthetic. 9: Tim Burton produced this animated film in 2009, the film received much criticism, even that is considered a beautiful aesthetic work, but lack of narrative. It is the first animated film that Tim Burton does not opt for the technique of stop motion and computer-created in its entirety. Alice in Wonderland: It is the latest project of Tim Burton so far, this commission from Disney, will debut in early 2010, and was the first film in which the director has used the technique of 3D. Based on the acclaimed work of Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland. Was criticized by fans to move far from their darkest work I have incorporated many Disney items. 2. THE ART DIRECTION 2.1- Aspects work of Tim Burton. When talking about aspects of the work of Burton, one must be aware that is not a conventional director, his work is mostly very personal issues, issues which have been consolidated in the audience and created a large pool of supporters and fans. When one analyzes the work of Burton put on his work with his film biography, which is particularly relevant as an artist who often uses his life experience and the elements that shaped his sentimental education. Situation is examined within the context of the Hollywood industry and explores the aesthetic and thematic constants that make up its visual poetry. It addresses gender concerns, the notion of fantasy and Gothic-Expressionist tradition to understand the work of an author who re interprets the cultural tradition from the perspective of post-modern. Addresses the problems and contradictions posed by both the traditional concept of film genres as the auteur theory. It is shown that not only approaches are compatible, but can also become complementary approaches that contribute to the depth and richness of film debate. It talks about the particular generic reflection made by the filmmaker in his films, connecting with the characteristics of postmodern culture in which it is immersed. We can say that Burton has done what he wanted and how much more freedom the author has been most successful has been his work as staff is much much deeper and more spectacular. Burtons work, as well as its broad scope, it is more appropriate to consider more than a genre, a mode of art that various related forms emerge. Referred to the existing theories about the fantastic, the subversive potential and its psychoanalytic implications. It puts a special interest in his themes and myths, as they all are evoked in the Burton films. Also includes the work of the filmmaker as a continuation of a tradition Gothic Expressionism, a continuous movement whose spirit, aesthetic and vital position opposed to the rationalistic attitude of classicism. It takes a journey through the elements of a tradition that Burton has been collected mainly through its cinema events. Tim Burtons heir and successor of the romantic spirit, its atmosphere and features icon-phy, aesthetics of the uncanny, his macabre sense of humor, the denunciation of social hypocrisy and society that denies freedom and individual identity, its emphasis on subjectivity, intuition and the irrational. Tim Burton is a very detailed, very thorough in their staging, from design, photography and music composed by Danny Elfman become key elements of dramatic expression. We consider Edward Scissorshands and Nightmare before Christmas, as two of its films that include and represent all poetic and visual work of director. Since in these two films is the very essence of the author, personal visually despendedoras the full potential of California director. 2.2-Influences: As an author, Tim Burton has had his artistic influences, both film, and painting. In this section we review their main influences, and the basic characteristics of his style. Any person who enters into the imagination of Tim Burton will realize that this is not a conventional writer, with a very personal style, and all his movies are some characteristics or aesthetic and narrative patterns. 2.2.1-Pictorial influences: We can find some reminiscences to German expressionism, particularly in some perspectives, altering the scenery, the kind of light and shadow and also on the themes of his films. Some authors of the movement, as Grosz or Otto Dix. Burton is also influences the Polish poster from the mid-twentieth century. The author surreal expressionism, Paul Klee tube also great significance in the beginning of the film director, especially in making puppets for his early films like Vincent or Nightmare Before Christmas. 2.2.2-Literary Influences: Without doubt the main literary influence of Tim Burton comes from Edgar Allan Poe, American writer, is considered one of the pioneers of the short story, and the father of the renovation of the Gothic, with their tales of terror. Unlike other authors such as Roger Corman, Burton has not shot any film based on a story by Edgar Allan Poe, but it has done with other authors like Washington Irving (Sleppy Hollow), Lewis Carroll (Alice in the wonders) (Sweeney Todd) based on the musical by Stephen Sondheim or (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) by Roald Dahl and others. 2.2.3-Cinematic influences: Roger Corman is without doubt the great influence of Burton, his films of series B, Burton served as inspiration for many other directors. Roger Corman became famous in the 60s, go to the movies by Edgar Allan Poe stories and mixing genres of science fiction, horror and the occult in low-budget films, using actors low popularity as Boris Karloff or Bela Lugosi , or with actors little known at the time as Peter Fonda Jack Nicholson or Robert De Niro. Most Corman films were performed by Vincent Price, favorite actor and close friend of Burton used frequently at the beginning of this director. See Frankenweenie, or Edward Scissorhands. Princes last film before his death in 1993. Cormans influence is mainly reflected in films like Ed Wood and Mars Attacks. In Ed Wood, Tim Burton pays homage to another series B director, Ed Wood as the worst filmmaker of all time. 2.3-Technic recourses. 2.3.1-Stop Motion. Tim Burton is without doubt one of the most renowned film directors by the use of unconventional techniques for recording of his films, one of these techniques is the Stop Motion animation technique is to generate motion by displaying static objects photographs or successive frames at a given speed, creating the illusion of movement. This incredible technique began with Ladislaw Starewicz with the short film The Cameramans Revenge in which dead insects used to tell the story of a family destroyed by infidelity. Usually use 29 frames per second, which generate the illusion of movement giving the films made with this technique a realism as close to a conventional film. This fascinating technique requires time and patience for the detailed movements of the actors to others in an acceptable knowledge of photography, so Tim Burton has always surrounded by great directors of photography, in the case of Pete Kozachik, manager the technical section in such films as The Nightmare Before Christmas or Corpse Bride. We consider that Tim Burton is one of the artists who have promoted this technique in the last two decades, and why not say is who re-discovered this technique in the new public disuse in the 90s. Due to its popularity as a director and artist has made the genre of Stop Motion animation is made a place in the film industry. Burton himself has been linked in other photographic animation projects, some of them as a producer and some others as a collaborator. This is the case of The Nightmare Before Christmas, Burtons own work, but under the direction of Henry Selick, director also of other projects under the signature of Tim Burton, and James and the Giant Peach or coral. In the future, Burton is expected to redo any work using the technique of stop motion, some rumors say they may be Dear Dead Days, Charles Addams work he did in 1937 and subsequently came to TV screens under the title Addams Family in 1964. The work of Charles Addams is surely close to the Burton films especially recalling works such as The Nightmare Before Christmas Sweeny Todd or obscure pieces, with touches of macabre humor. 2.3.2-3D Animation. Tim Burton not only traditional techniques used for the filming of his animated films, however it was not until 2009, when the California director dared with a 100% digital. 9 was the title of his first work in 3D, which was a box office bomb, and certainly his least known works, the universe of apocalyptic 9 was directed by Shane Acker and produced and supervised by Burton. This first experience will not cower and Burton in 2010, premiere Alice in Wonderland, based on Lewis Carrolls books Alice in Wonderland and Alice Through the Looking Glass, directed by Tim Burton, and produced Disney Pictures The film was a box office hit but was severely challenged by critics and fans. In interviews after the release, Burton says the 3D technique is perfect for his latest film and claims to build his next film (a remake of Frankenweenie gilt work) thinking about the qual this technology brings extra realism to the viewer, However, he admits that is not going to go crazy and will not abandon the classic film format. 3-TIM BURTONS FILM ANALYSIS I chose Edward Scissorhands and Big Fish are two of the films in my opinion more representative of the work of Burton, the first of its popularity and to represent and act out all the poetic and visual narrative that represents the California director. The second has been chosen as the authors lesser-known films by the general public, and to have markedly different aesthetic in Edward Scissorhands, Big Fish still well preserved and fantastic narrative structure that characterizes the work of Tim Burton . Another of the facts that I have been decanted from Big Fish have been the thirteen years between a film and the other, and appreciate the evolution of cinema as well as an analysis of the time they were shot, the motives that pushed Burton to record these movies and what messages the author tries to convey to the viewer in each of them. 3.1-Edward Scissorhands Synopsis: The film begins with a colloquial conversation between an elderly woman and her granddaughter, which viewed from the window as snow falls and, curious, asks her grandmother the reason it snows. So, she begins her story His story begins when a makeup saleswoman named Peg, enters a house to sell beauty products. On entering the place is with Edward, a young man who was created from a robot and was not finished after the death of its creator, running with scissors instead of hands. Touched by his kindness and innocence decided to take him home. No one in her family (her husband Bill and son Kevin) seem uncomfortable with the presence of Edward and even the neighbors are interested in the mysterious guest Peg. However, to get Kims eldest daughter, Peg, it triggers a series of problems because it does feel uncomfortable with Edward at home. Edward falls in love with her. Edward Scissorhands Technical Data: Production year: 1990 Country: United States Director: Tim Burton Production: Twentieth Century Fox Producers: Tim Burton and Denise Di Novi Executive Producer: Richard Hashimoto Associate Producer: Caroline Thompson Argument: Tim Burton and Caroline Thompson Writer: Caroline Thompson Music: Danny Elfman Director of Photography: Stefan Czapsky Art Director: Tom Duffield Scenery: Rich Heinrichs (design) and Cheryl Carasik (decoration) Costume Design: Colleen Atwood Editing: Richard Halsey Hair Design: Yolanda Toussieng Makeup: Stan Winston Special effects supervisor: Michael Wood Duration: 107 minutes Starring: Johnny Depp: Edward Winona Ryder Kim Boggs Dianne Wiest: Peg Boggs Vincent Price: Inventor Anthony Michael Hall: Jim Kathy Baker: Joyce Monroe Robert Oliveri: Kevin Boggs Conchata Ferrell: Helen Alan Arkin: Bill Boggs Caroline Aaron: Marge O-Lan Jones: Esmeralda Dick Anthony Williams Officer Allen ÂÂ   3.2-Big Fish Synopsis: Edward Bloom is a man who recounts moments of her life by adding great features. When it does at the wedding of his son Will, it stops talking for years. Will work as a journalist in Paris when his fathers health worsens, Will returns with his wife Josephine to Alabama. On the plane, Will tells one story of her father, she knew a witch who showed him how he would die by looking through his glass eye. Throughout the film, Edward has some stories to tell of moments of his life. For example, explains that as a child, he spent three years in bed due to its rapid growth. After this, he becomes a successful athlete, but I think the town where he lives is too small for their ambitions. After meeting Karl, a misunderstood giant, began a journey with him. Edward goes through a haunted forest and reaches a village where she meets a poet called Norther Winslow. Before leaving the village, he promises to Jenny, a girl he met, he would return someday. Big Fish Technical Data: Production year: 2003 Country: United States Director: Tim Burton Production: Columbia Pictures Producers: Bruce Cohen, Dan Jinks Executive Producer: Arne Schmidt Associate Producer: Katterli Framentelder Plot: Daniel Wallace Writer: John August Music: Danny Elfman Director of photography: Philippe Rousselot Art Direction: Roy Barnes, Robert Fechtmen Set Decoration: Nancy Haigh Costume Design: Colleen Atwood Editing: Chris Chamia Hair Design: Coni Address Makeup: Gloria Belz Special Effects Supervisor: Eric Allard Length: 125 minutes Starring: Ewan McGregor: Young Ed Bloom Albert Finney: Senior Ed Bloom Jessica Lange: Senior Sandra Bloom Alison Lohman: Young Sandra Bloom Billy Crudup: Will Bloom Steve Buscemi: Norther Winslow Danny DeVito: Amos Calloway Helena Bonham Carter: Jenny Young, Jenny Senior, The Witch Matthew McGrory, Karl the Giant

My Thoughts on Writing Essays -- Writing Education School Essays

My Thoughts on Writing The only thing I care about; the only thing I hope to get from this course, is some improvement in my ability to write what I think -- explain ideas and feelings to other people. I don't give a damn about anything else, and so far I haven't been disappointed. At the beginning of the course I was informed that we were going to be discussing exposition, which isn't so much a kind of writing as a purpose or attitude behind it. This purpose is to explore, unfold, or develop an idea or issue. And the sense I've gotten from our discussion is that the attitude is one of intellectual honesty, of dedication to learning something and reporting what's there , instead of protecting preconceived notions or projecting agendas or otherwise following some kind of "safe" path. "Themewriting" is what we've been calling everything which does the latter. The first example paper we read, the "3 E-Z steps to achieve success" one, is a perfect example of what I've come to consider themewriting. It takes on "success," which it acknowledges in the first paragraph is a complex and abstract concept open to many interpretations. It then says that whatever it is, success is something we can easily achieve by following a simple formula. The elements of the formula itself -- "set goals," "set achievable goals," and "achieve your achievable goals" -- are things we've all heard from self-help videos, counselors, and tea tins. So, cliche -- reliance on stuff the writer already knows and thinks is so True nobody can dispute it -- is a hallmark of themewriting. These reams of term papers are written in response to all sorts of assignments. I wrote one last year for meteorology about weather control which I constructed entirely as ... ...s absolutely necessary. In other words, they have little or no personal commitment to their writing. And why would they? This isn't a piece of writing which boiled up from inside them, driven by some artistic imperative. I got VERY good at the method I was taught in high school, and I've suffered for it. I am acutely aware of a "lost" feeling when faced with the need or desire to succinctly put my own thoughts down on paper -- in a personal letter, in a letter to the editor of the hometown newspaper, or one to a politician to tell him what a weenie he is -- or to write this paper expressing my ideas about writing. I find I have to concentrate hard to write what I want to say without resorting to cliches, bluffing assertions of alleged facts, and the printed equivalent of mumbling-and-hoping-people-get-it, but at least that means I'm learning what to watch for.

The Ambiguity of Shakespeares Ambiguous Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare H

Ambiguity of Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy Hamlet, the reader finds ambiguity of one type and another here and there throughout the play. The protagonist himself is an especially ambiguous character is his own rite.    Harold Bloom in the Introduction to Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet expounds on the ambiguity and mysterious conduct of the hero during the final act:    When Horatio responds that Claudius will hear shortly from, presumably that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been executed, Hamlet rather ambiguously [my italics] makes what might be read as a final vow of revenge:    It will be short. The interim is mine. And a man’s life’s no more than to say â€Å"one.† (2)    The play begins with the changing of the sentinels on a guard platform of the castle of Elsinore in Denmark. Recently the spectral likeness of dead King Hamlet has appeared to the sentinels for no definite purpose. Tonight the ghost appears again, for no apparent reason, to Barnardo, Marcellus and Horatio, a very close friend of Hamlet. Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is home from school, dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). There is a social gathering of the court, where Claudius pays tribute to the memory of his deceased brother, the former king, and then, along with Queen Gertrude, conducts some items of business, for example dispatching Cornelius and Voltemand to Norway to settle the Fortinbras affair, addressing Polonius and Laertes on the subject of the latter’s return to school abroad.    Hamlet is present at the court gat... ...est Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

The Craft Era

The first major era is now referred to as ‘craft’ manufacturing and service ‘shop’ delivery. This system was European in origin and linked to the way in which skills were developed: the apprentice–journeyman– master progression, which led to the creation of guilds of skilled people who sought to control the supply of their speciality, and the consolidation of skill within a subsector of society (as, for example, skills were passed on from father to son). This was noted for low-volume, high-variety products, where workers tended to be highly skilled and quality was built into the very process of operations. It was also appropriate for largely national markets, supplied internally with minimal imports and exports. Some craft manufacturing still remains today, in markets where exotic products and services can control demands through some unique feature or high level of desirability. For instance, some house building, furniture making, clock and watch making are still carried out by skilled craftsmen/women working on a single or few items of output at a time. While the processes and techniques used by these craftsmen/women are highly inefficient, the unique quality of their products commands a premium price, as illustrated by the secondhand value of products such as a Daniels pocket watch or a Morgan car. In the case of Morgan, however, it is a mistake to conclude that the passenger car industry might still be able to employ craft production. Morgan is unashamedly part of a sector that is closer to specialist toys than that concerned with personal transportation. It is also the end of a very thin tail, other parts of which (AC, Aston Martin, Rolls Royce, etc. have already been absorbed by volume producers, keen to operate in exotic niches for purposes that are closer to corporate advertising than to income generation. In the clothing industry, one significant sector of the industry – haute couture – is based on the craft production approach. In services, the craft era has also continued – perhaps even more so than in manufacturing. The slower pace of change within services derives from the extent to which customer processing operations can adopt new technologies and new systems. Only services that require little skill at the operating level (such as FMCG or petrol retailing) or processing large amounts of information (such as financial services) are significantly different now from what they were like even 30 years ago. Many services such as hotels, schools, hospitals, hairdressers, vehicle repair and transportation have changed very little, despite new technologies. The mass production era The second major era is known as mass production, although once again its principles were by no means restricted to manufacturing. This system grew in North America to accommodate three principal requirements of the developing giant: the need to export, the need to provide employment for a massive, largely unskilled workforce, and the need to establish itself as a world player, which meant infiltrating other regions with ideas clearly associated with the USA. In short, the Americans could not play by the European rules, so they reinvented the game: innovating by destroying the competitive position of craft production. The system was massively successful and changed the working and buying practices of the world in the first three decades of the twentieth century. In order to sell the standardized products made by standardized operations practices, mass production had to standardize the market requirements too. Fortunately, the market was immature and would do what it was told to do. Thus, mass production reversed the paradigm of craft production: volume was high with little variety. The marketing ploy (and the resultant manufacturing strategy) was exemplified by Henry Ford’s famous declaration, from now on, ‘a customer can have a car painted any colour he likes, as long as it is black! ’ In mass production, workers were typically unskilled. This was the era owing much to the contribution of F. W. Taylor’s Scientific Management, whereby workers had very narrowly defined jobs, involving repetitive tasks, and quality was left to ‘quality experts’ at the final stage of the overall process rather than being an integral part of operations at each step (Taylor, 1912). Taylor enabled firms, for the first time, to control costs, times and resources, rather than rely on skilled craftsmen and women to decide what was appropriate. Coupled with the developments made in mechanization and employee co-ordination during the European industrial revolutions, Taylor’s ideas provided an entirely different way of operating. In 1926, Encyclopaedia Britannica asked Henry Ford to christen his system and he called it mass production. He meant ‘mass’ in the sense of large volume production. Perhaps he did not see the other meaning of mass as ‘heavy and cumbersome’, which is what the system turned out to be (in terms of management systems and superstructure), once the market no longer bought what it was told. These principles originating in the 1920s were slow to be adopted in services, but by the 1970s, Ted Levitt, from Harvard Business School, was able to identify the ‘production-lining’ (Levitt, 1972) of service and the ‘industrialization’ (Levitt, 1976) of service. He cited fast food, the automatic teller machine (ATM) outside banks and supermarket retailing as examples of this. Schmenner (1986) coined the phrase ‘mass service’ to exemplify this type of service operation. More recently, the aspects of working life that are typical in this mass production context have been extended to life in general by Ritzer (1993), who refers to it as the McDonaldization of society. The shift from ‘craft’ marketing to marketing in the mass production age is clearly demarcated by the publication of Levitt’s (1960) article in the Harvard Business Review entitled ‘Marketing myopia’. In mass production, customers bought what was supplied; producers concentrated on keeping costs, and hence prices, down, and focused on selling to customers through aggressive advertising and sales forces. As organizations were product-led, operations management was relatively straightforward. Mass producing goods at the lowest cost meant minimizing component and product variety, large production runs and scientific management. The success of Ford made this view highly persuasive. In 1909, the Model T automobiles were sold for $950, but by 1916, following the introduction of the assembly line, it had fallen to $345, and three-quarters of the cars on American roads were built by Ford (Bryson, 1994). However, as Levitt (1960) pointed out, Ford was eventually outstripped by General Motors, who were not product-led but market-led. They gave customers what they wanted – choice, model updates, a range of colours (not just black! ). The symbol of this age is the brand. Originally (in the craft era) the brand was a mark on the product, often a signature – for example, on a painting – or symbol, signifying its ownership or origin. But in mass production the brand took on far more significance. It became the means by which one product (or service) could differentiate itself from a competitor’s product (or service). Procter & Gamble set up brand managers in 1931 to sell their different soap products. Later the brand also became a guarantee of product/service quality. Kemmons Wilson’s motivation in 1952 to open the first Holiday Inn hotel was his own disappointment with the ariable standards and sleaziness of the motels he stayed in whilst on a family holiday. The success of delivering a consistently standard level of service resulted in Wilson opening one hotel every two and half days in the mid-1950s. But by the 1990s, brands had come under threat. Markets are highly fragmented, the proliferation of niches makes target marketing more difficult, product and service life cycles are shortening, and product/service innovation is quicker than ever before; increasing customer sophistication has reduced the power of advertising. As a result, a more holistic view of operations management is required, as Crainer (1998) suggests: Companies must add value throughout every single process they are involved in and then translate this into better value for customers. This is because the modern era has brought profound changes in operations management and operations has to be at the heart of successful strategic thinking.