Payroll system for thesis Essay

Introduction This chapter present the introductory part of the study about accounting system in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. The purpose of this study is to ensure that the project will support the business requirement in accounting and improve better service to the employee in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILLIPINES. This study is conducted by Mary Ann Ivy Bautista, and Sheeneryl Lacay. We are proposing this study to the accounting department of DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. Since the DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is using office manual system in excel and they are thinking about creating a database to make payroll easily, and that would lessen their time in creating payroll to their employee. Background of the study According to the student handbook, DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES was established in October 1993, and was formerly known as the Davao Merchant Marine Academy (DMMA). Accounting is the system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results according to Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Technology today is fast changing many business company try to adopt the changing technology like DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES in order to stay competitive. Computers have the great impact on the profession of accounting. The program also allows the 15 days payroll schedule to be calculated accurately. Just by having all teachers and employees information like name, wages etc to enter in the database. Therefore, payroll can be done with the guide o f the program. The system is good in the fields of accounting specialty. It is easy to use, effective and efficient in calculating the payroll. In addition this study aims to develop a reliable and manageable computerized payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES for a better manageable of a business. Project Context Purpose and Description Objectives of the Project Scope and Delimitations of the Project Scope This study is designed to develop a Computerizes payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. It covers the process of preparing the pay slip of each employee, the regular and part time employee, keeping of record safety and computing the exact wages of each employee. Including the stored report list of employee such as Monthly Salary, Basic Pay, Teaching, Adjustment, Overtime, Allowance, Course Manual, Rice Allowance, Gross Pay, Net Pay, Deduction such as SSS Premium, Withholding tax, Cash Advances, SSS Loan, PAG-IBIG Loan, MAXICARE, Sunlife, PhilHealth, Absences/Tardiness, Canteen Advance, SEAMPCO and other like Grepalife, Mandug Lot, LLS IOU, HSBC Loan, MLCR IOU, Pag-ibig housing Caritas, AUO Rice. The proposed Payroll System for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is expected to generate Pay Slip of Employees, 15 days pay period. The system will be network to the HR, Accounting department, and Cashier. Delimitation The proposed Payroll System for Dmma College of southern Philippines does not support online program or online transaction. Significance of the Project The proposed system will help the accounting section of Dmma College of Southern Philippines especially the Payroll maker/bookkeeper and the Finance Officer. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper in preparing payments of employees. The system develop can accommodate changing figures through well design database. Definition of Terms Payroll System A payroll system is a computerized technique that is used to calculate the sum of salaries employees who need to be paid in an organization. Company A business enterprise firm. Employee A person employed at a wage or salary. Record A document that contains an account particularly in terms of collection. Service Contribution to the welfare of others. Database An integrated collection of data which provides a more efficient way of storage and retrieval of data and is capable of processing large portions of data immediately. System A set of related components that produces specific results. Technology It is the study of practical or industrial arts. Review of Related Literature: In less than a generation, computer technology has revolutionized businessall over the world. This has brought about changes in the area of business,finance, industry, government, agriculture, education, health care, sports and even on our personal lives. Today, computers do much of the works. Datacollection continues to become easier and easier, data processing is getting faster and faster, mathematical calculations continue to be performed with increased precision and information is being provided to users in generally more useful forms. Such that was made possible through the use of electronic files and database.This chapter presents some of the previous related works relevant to the understanding of the problem. In order to gather information, the authors usedbooks, thesis and encyclopedia. The wide spread development of digital technology also results to parallel advance in software, which allows this technology to be used by persons other than computer experts. The database has become a central organized framework for information system, taking advantage of the concept of data independence that allows sharing among diverse system– Organized collection of data maintained and used with the aid of management information system (mis). It is a state of the art information system process and retrieves information ever faster; they are more robust in terms of the volume of data that they can process and in terms of reliability; and their performance is more cost-effective. The central component of information system, the database may be distributed over a number of processor in different geographic locations, yet queries can processed simultaneously against the composite database

How does Shakespeare invoke a sense of evil in Macbeth? Essay

Narrating the climactic downfall and eventual death of a Scottish thane, â€Å"Macbeth† is widely regarded as one of Shakespeare’s four great tragedies, alongside â€Å"Hamlet†, â€Å"Othello† and â€Å"King Lear†. â€Å"Macbeth† is typical of the other three tragedies through several key factors, the first of which is the qualities of the protagonist. As with the other tragedies, Macbeth is a notable man of high status who bears many heroic qualities, including extreme valour and honour. However, much like with Othello and his jealousy, Macbeth is undone by his greed and ambition, his fatal flaw, or â€Å"harmartia† in the Greek. These flaws play a role in the hero’s fall from grace and eventual death, and these occurrences imbue the audience with a sense of loss and waste; thus the genre is deemed a ‘tragedy’. If the protagonist was solely brought down by his own flaws the piece would cease to be a tragedy, as there would be no sense of loss or waste upon the hero’s demise, as they would appear to be malevolent and deserving of their downfall. Instead, Shakespeare also incorporates external factors contributing to the downfall; in the case of â€Å"Macbeth†, Lady Macbeth and the Witches are used, coaxing Macbeth into regicide. If the protagonist were to be influenced too heavily by the separate circumstance then the hero would begin to appear as a puppet, completely corrupted and controlled. A fine balance is found during Shakespeare’s four great tragedies between character-based flaws and external circumstances’ influencing the hero’s actions, and subsequently the feeling of tragedy is massive. This is perhaps a defining factor as to why these four tragedies have received so much acclaim, after all a tragedy is defined by the effect it has on the audience. â€Å"Macbeth† however makes one large departure from the generic formulae in that throughout the play Shakespeare conveys a sense of concentrated evil, not seen in the other tragedies. Concentrated evil is achieved through various characters in the play including the witches, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Indeed, evil is commonplace throughout â€Å"Macbeth†, with children being slaughtered and various assassinations. Shakespeare’s acclaimed inclusion of the witches is a prominent factor in the suggestion of evil throughout the piece. Indeed, immediately in the first scene, you are instantly submerged into this dire, supernaturally influenced world, plagued by the presence of these malevolent witches. Consequently, the sense of evil is evoked right from the opening of the curtains. An aspect of the witches which grabs our attention immediately is the intermittent rhyme and riddle of their dialogue. As the second witch answers â€Å"when the hurley-burley’s done, when the battles lost and won† this unconventional rhyming speech supplements the witches’ already alien nature, as well as adding confusion as to what these riddles portend. Also, as the witches chant in unison â€Å"†¦hover through the fog and filthy air† it seems they share a magical link by which they may indulge in the same evil thoughts. This, for the audience of the time, would be a disturbing piece of imagery. At times what the witches say may be paradoxical, adding to the dialogue’s riddling nature, for example when they drone â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. The aberrant speech style of the witches is used by them throughout the play, with the exception of ‘Act 3, Scene 5’ which will be discussed later. It is also evident from this first scene that the witches have an unholy alliance or affiliation with the future and time. The third witch proclaims â€Å"that will be ‘ere the set of sun† displaying her knowledge of future events, and so augmenting the witches already supernatural, malevolent image. With this development the sisters seem all the more potent as with their knowledge of the future comes also the ability to meddle and pervert it. Displayed also is the witches’ association with the elements as the first witch questions â€Å"in thunder, lightning or in rain?†, as though they have a slight mastery over the elements. The thunder and lightning of the scene is more evidence of their power over the elements. We see the witches’ use of familiars when the first witch says â€Å"I come, Graymalkin†, a tool with which the sisters may communicate to the devil. Again, the application of this familiar, in this case a cat, adds further to the witches’ malevolent aura, and the sense of concentrated evil. Over the years, different directors have added various features in order to maintain the scene’s originality. For example, Polanski’s version saw the witches on a beach burying a severed arm, whilst, in contrast Frain’s version depicted the witches as children on a council estate. As the play progresses, the witches’ spiteful, vindictive nature becomes ever more apparent, as they display their malevolence during various scenes. Notable for exhibition of evil is Act 1, Scene 3 in which the sisters describe how they deprived the hapless sailor of sleep, stating â€Å"sleep shall neither night nor day, hang upon his penthouse lid†. This shocking image is made doubly repulsive by how the witches seem to be thoroughly enjoying the whole scenario. Moreover, in the same scene, the witches brandish a severed â€Å"pilot’s thumb†, another revolting image, which is indeed evident of their malicious nature. An example of them dabbling in the dark arts is seen in Act 4, Scene 1 where they brew the vile potion, chanting the theatrically legendary lines â€Å"double, double toil and trouble; fire burn and cauldron bubble†. With repulsive detail, they describe the ingredients of the potion, one such being a â€Å"liver of blaspheming Jewâ €  and a â€Å"finger of birth-strangled babe†. This horrific concoction is indicative of their very nature: vile and against society and nature. Due to these malevolent acts, the witches are often referred to as and associated with, agents of evil, for example in Act 4, Scene 1 Macbeth refers to them as â€Å"you secret, black, and midnight hags!†. Another example can be found in Act 1, Scene 3 where Banquo calls the witches â€Å"the instruments of darkness†. They influence the characters to such an extent that they refer to them with such titles; this is further evidence of the witches’ concentrated malevolence. It must not be forgotten also that the witches were the ones who originally ensnared Macbeth with promises of greatness, which were partially accountable for him committing regicide. This can be seen in Act 1, Scene 3 as the third witch greets Macbeth, saying â€Å"All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter†. Had the witches not tainted the noble Macbeth, he may have never fallen and so the evil of the witches can be held partially responsible. The witches can be seen meddling once more during Act 4, Scene 1 where they blind Macbeth into believing he is nigh on invincible with several prophecies. And so, Macbeth becomes complacent, fooled by the witches’ misleading prophecies. Their malevolence is clear to see through their misguiding of Macbeth, as well as the other example given. The witches are depicted as having a haunting physical presence, both through their actual physical appearance and through their chilling language. In terms of their physicality, the witches are only described once during the play by Banquo in Act 1, Scene 3. He describes them as being â€Å"withered and so wild in their attire†, telling directly of their abnormal manifestation. Also, Banquo tells of how the witches â€Å"look not like the inhabitants of the earth†, showing how they are supernatural to such an extent that even their appearance makes us question whether they of this world. Disturbingly, the witches’ appearance is so distorted that their very gender is ambiguous, as Banquo describes how their sex â€Å"man may question†. Their strangeness in appearance would immediately show to the audience the witch’s malevolence, as well as encouraging a sense of foreboding towards them. Along with their appalling appearance is their unorthodox and seemingly corrupting language. As discussed before, their language generally is spoken like a rhyming chant, further supporting their supernatural image. Implementing this chant-like dialogue enhances the threat which the witches impose on the audience, such as during Act 4, Scene 1 where a witch drones â€Å"By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes† , far more chilling then a non-rhyming alternative. As the play progresses, Macbeth’s mind seems to be defiled by the witches, so far that at times even his language seems tainted and so echoes theirs at regular intervals. For example, during Act 3, Scene 4 Macbeth cries â€Å"It will have blood they say, blood will have blood† and in Act 4, Scene 1 he declares â€Å"I conjure you by which you profess†. Both these quotations bear a resemblance to the dialogue adopted by the witches and as such it seems as though Macbeth is either tainted by their influence or just obsessed with them. This is further suggestion of their evil, as their malevolence is such that their influence seems to have corrupted Macbeth’s mind. In complete contrast, during the scene of ‘dubious authorship’ (or Act 3, Scene 5), the suggestion of evil through the language is comparatively tame and the established speech conventions adopted by the witches are neglected. Shakespeare cleverly omits the witches’ usual language style in order to highlight their angst at having angered Hecate. Rather then using the typical chanted rhyming style, instead what little the witches do say is blunt and concise, as when a witch says â€Å"come, lets make haste; she’ll soon be back again†. Aside from the lack of rhyming, the witches’ speech lacks its usual dark and evil content; for example a witch simply questions â€Å"why how now, Hecate, you look angerly?† This is heavily altered from their previous dialogue, for example during Act 1, Scene 3 when a witch declares â€Å"like a rat without a tail, I’ll do, I’ll do and I’ll do†. This quotation contains various dark themes, for example the disfigured rat, and is vastly different from the dialogue seen in Act 3, Scene 5. The speech in this scene also lacks the usual complexity used in other scenes, instead adopting a far more concise and simple language. However, because the witches make no reference to evil during this scene, this does not mean that their characters become less malevolent in nature. This is because they make no reference to evil as they are so fearful for their own safety, thus they still seem as vindictive and malicious as ever, only with self-preservation as a priority. â€Å"Macbeth† includes various themes which were relevant to the audience at the time; thus the play bore a higher significance to them, one such being the inclusion of the weird sisters. James I, King of England at the time, had a particular obsession with the hunting and executing of witches, caused by having nearly been killed during a storm, which he believed to have been caused by witches. This hate for witches filtered through the kingdom, meaning the persecution of witches or witch sympathisers was commonplace. James’s paranoia went so deep that he even wrote a book entitled â€Å"Daemonologie† inciting hate towards witches and other like creatures. Thus witches were widely regarded as a threat to the contemporary Renaissance audience and so when Shakespeare included the â€Å"three weird sisters† in â€Å"Macbeth† the audience became more emotionally invested in the performance. Also, the prevailing theme of regicide, central to the play, w ould hold significance to the somewhat paranoid king, thus further immersing him in the drama. Although the witches are certainly responsible for triggering the eventual decision to commit regicide, it must be acknowledged that Macbeth himself is culpable and so may be considered partly malevolent. Highlighting his drastic choice of evil is his initial potential and heroic virtues described in Act 1, Scene 2. The Captain exclaims â€Å"brave Macbeth- well he deserves that name† telling us how his comrades admire his valour and respect his courage. We are then told how Macbeth fought â€Å"disdaining fortune†, thus fighting unafraid against the odds. Macbeth is then likened to â€Å"valour’s minion†, symbolising just how courageous and brave he is; that he is the darling or minion of courage. And so with these references, we expect great things from this protagonist when he arrives on stage. It is because of this description that Macbeth’s fall into darkness and evil seems all the more pronounced; that a celebrated soldier, of such audacity, c an fall into such a concentrated crucible of evil, killing a virtuous king, his best friend and even a helpless family. Also augmenting the perceived concentration of evil in â€Å"Macbeth† is the fact that he knows full-well the evil of his actions. Indeed, just before killing Duncan during Act 1, Scene 7 Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that he no longer wishes to kill Duncan, stating â€Å"we will proceed no further in this business†. Therefore, it is discernable that he knows the consequences of his actions and so when he does eventually commit the crime it seems all the more malevolent; he knows what he is doing yet he continues nonetheless. Furthermore, throughout the play, particularly at the beginning when he is less corrupted, Macbeth uses euphemisms to hide the shocking alternative word and to an extent to stop himself hearing the reality. In Act 1, Scene 7 Macbeth says in a soliloquy â€Å"if it were done when it is done, then ’twere well† referring to the murder of Duncan as ‘it’. Again, this adds to the evil of the final crime as it is clear Macbeth knows exactly what he is doing, and the malevolent significance the murder bears. Macbeth shows, through these two media, that he has a conscience which he is choosing to ignore and so more responsibility for the crime can be placed on him, as the witches clearly didn’t influence him to the extent where he didn’t know what he was doing. Another contributor to the evil present in â€Å"Macbeth† is the heinous nature of all of the murders; first a gracious and fair king, then his long standing best friend and comrade (Banquo), then an attempted assassination on Banquo’s helpless son, and finally the murder of Macduff’s innocent family. A sensational aspect is present in each of these murders making them seem all the more shocking and repulsive. Due to the vile nature of each of these murders, the concentrated evil present in â€Å"Macbeth† becomes all the more obvious. Also, the necessity of some of the murders is questionable; for example, what was the need to murder Macduff’s innocent family? The murder of Macduff’s family seems entirely out of spite, rather than an actual requirement. With these grim murders, Macbeth is perceived to be host to an even greater concentration of evil, especially in the later stages of the play were he is arguably unaffected by his malicious ac tions. An inner evil is conveyed through the mental torture Macbeth experiences in the later stages of the performance, which defiles his mind and his sanity. Evidence of the inner torture Macbeth experiences is seen in Act 3, Scene 4 where the ghost of Macbeth’s former friend Banquo haunts him, unseen to all else. Gory to behold, this apparition is most likely an embodiment of Macbeth’s guilt at having killed his former friend, as we see Macbeth shout; â€Å"thou canst not say I did it†. This attempt to relieve himself of the blame is really only confession of his guilt. Moreover, the evil blighting Macbeth’s mind can be seen again through his inability to sleep. In Act 2, Scene 2 Macbeth tells his wife of how â€Å"Macbeth does murder sleep, the innocent sleep†, evidence of his disability. Due to the evil things he has done, Macbeth’s mind has become contaminated and so he is tormented, to the point where he can no longer sleep. Indeed, at one point Macbeth even professes to Lady Macbeth about his inner torment, saying â€Å"full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife† in Act3, Scene 2. In any case, the change in Macbeth’s thoughts as the play progresses is easily discernable; and so an inner evil corrupting his thoughts is arguably present. Throughout the play, Macbeth always appears to be preoccupied with the witches and this may be partly the reason for the corruption of his mind. Often, in his dialogue he refers to the sisters and genuinely seems beset by their deceitful words. For example, in Act 3, Scene 1 Macbeth tells a servant of how Banquo â€Å"chid the sisters when they first put the name of king upon me†. References such as this towards the witches are commonplace in Macbeth’s speech and it seems he has developed an indissoluble link with them, resulting in his obsession with them. This link can be seen also, as mentioned previously, in Macbeth’s dialogue, which often echoes that of the witches. Even the first words Macbeth utters are akin to lines of the witches, where he remarks; â€Å"so foul and fair a day I have not seen†; paradoxical language similar to theirs. At one point, during Act 2, Scene 1, Banquo even questions Macbeth as to whether his mind still lingers over the witches and he replies â€Å"I think not of them†. Macbeth certainly seems influenced by the witches, and we even see that just before the killing of Macduff’s family he visits the sisters. It is possible that the witches are also responsible for Macbeth’s inability to sleep mentioned above, as we know that they have engaged in such acts previously on the unfortunate sailor. Further influencing and at times controlling the actions of Macbeth is his wife, Lady Macbeth. More so in the early stages of the play, she can be found cleverly manipulating her husband, playing upon his weaknesses to ensure he secures his place as king. As Macbeth tells her how he no longer wishes to kill Duncan in Act 1, Scene 7, she responds â€Å"art though afeard†, questioning his masculinity and classifying him a coward. Had she not guided Macbeth in this sequence, it is questionable whether he would have proceeded with the murder at all. In the same scene she also plans out the detestable details of the murder, and so in this case she can be considered the main agent. This is certainly indicative that there is a concentration of evil present in Lady Macbeth, even if its manifestation is less pronounced than her husband’s. Additionally, in order to provide her with the inner strength to commit the murder, during Act 1, Scene 5 she attempts to conjure up evil ministers, declaring â€Å"come you spirits that tend on moral thoughts†. This act is testimony to her evil; that she would be willing to affiliate herself with damned spirits in order to kill an innocent old man. Also, Lady Macbeth is so eager to kill the king that she is even willing to reject her femininity. In a soliloquy during Act 1, Scene 5 she utters â€Å"unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top full of direst cruelty†. This unnatural (and chilling) denial of her sex shows how willing she is to commit murder. Through all these ill plans towards Duncan and despite bearing the knowledge that his life may well end that night, in Act 1, Scene 6 Lady Macbeth shows just how devious she is as she acts the part of a welcoming hostess, telling the king â€Å"your majesty loads our house†. At this stage in the play Lady Macbeth’s subtle nature of evil is clear to see. Finally, as with her husband, it is obvious that Lady Macbeth registers the enormity of the crime through her pang of conscience before the murder and continues nonetheless. It is true that during Act 2, Scene 2 she tells Macbeth of how â€Å"had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done it†. This is evidence of her conscience, although she still lets her husband kill Duncan, ignoring her inner sense of right and wrong. Because of this, Lady Macbeth gradually becomes insane and descends into a hell of her own making, famously saying during Act 5, Scene 1; â€Å"hell is murky†. Shortly after these w ords Lady Macbeth commits suicide, relinquishing her life because of the evil she is aware she has committed. Contributing in a different way to the evil atmosphere found in â€Å"Macbeth† is the adept language implemented by Shakespeare, which persistently evokes the intended malevolence. A dramatic way in which Shakespeare conveys evil is through the use of disease imagery, for example â€Å"canst thou not minister to a mind diseased†. Particularly to the audience of the era, disease was exceptionally feared as it was often fatal due to the lack of medical knowledge, and for this reason the inclusion of these references conjured markedly strong dark thoughts. The idea of disease by definition is that of spreading corruption and defilement, and this it seems is reminiscent of the spread of evil in â€Å"Macbeth†, and so such references are therefore a reminder of the irresistible contagion caused by a tyrannical king. Similarly, the theme of concealment is also used throughout, regularly conveying a distressing sense of the unknown as well as the ominous threat of hidden evil. At one point Duncan tells of how â€Å"there’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face†, a chilling image of how there is no method by which a person can read another’s intentions based upon their external make-up; this is bitterly ironic given that Macbeth is tricking Duncan all along. In disguising intention, evil can remain hidden – disguise imagery therefore reminds the audience of a character’s hidden intent. Given this overlapping theme of disguise and deception, the audience are always aware of a malevolent atmosphere in â€Å"Macbeth†. Another common method of evoking the sense of evil is Shakespeare’s regular reference to night and blackness. This brand of imagery plays upon humanity’s primitive fear of the unknown; thus in making regular references to darkness Shakespeare ensures that an evil presence is always felt. The play boasts many memorable teaming references to darkness; a typical one can be found in Act 1, Scene 5 where Lady Macbeth proclaims â€Å"come thick night and pull me in the dunnest smokes of hell†. Aside from the obvious reference to hell Shakespeare cleverly refers to darkness to evoke the feeling of deception and hidden evil, as well as the primitive evil of the darkness on its own. On the same note, the theme of cancelling out light is integrated as well as when Macbeth notably says in an aside â€Å"stars hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires†. Perhaps the most obvious pattern in â€Å"Macbeth† in terms of sinister language is the regular reference to predatory animals. Animals can often portend omens which in â€Å"Macbeth’s† case translate into dire events; however at times in Shakespeare’s application they can also just conjure up dire images. On occasion the characters allude to animals related to ill omens; for example when Lady Macbeth says â€Å"the raven himself is hoarse†, the raven being the bird of ill omen. Or in other cases the reference may just be made in terms of sinister imagery, like when Macbeth says â€Å"full of scorpions is my mind†. At times the imagery also contains biblical-related animals; for example when Lady Macbeth tells her husband â€Å"look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it†. In this case the serpent is a sinister use of imagery as it is related with the biblical ‘fall’ and so is often an animal linked with male volence in literature. Shakespeare’s choice of regularly adding emphasis on blood further exaggerates the evil perceived by the audience, as well as darkening the image of the play. In particular, the murder of Duncan conjures many references to blood, for example Macbeth says â€Å"will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?† In this manner, emphasis is added on Macbeth’s bloody hands, questioning whether even all the ocean’s waters will clean them. Likewise, the spots of blood described on Lady Macbeth’s hand are also highlighted, to the point where she believes her hands are still blood stained several days after the murder, crying â€Å"out damned spots! Out I say!† The explicit references to blood add to the sinister content of the play through their dire implications; blood after all symbolising pain and suffering. A debatable topic within â€Å"Macbeth† is whether the main source of evil in the play extends from external supernatural sources or from Macbeth himself. However, as mentioned previously, if Macbeth is regarded as being influenced too heavily by the witches, he begins to seem like their puppet- easily manipulated. If Macbeth is seen as to be too easily manipulated this draws from his heroic status; how could such a strong character be so easily turned against his will? As such, I feel Macbeth is just as responsible for the atrocities as the witches. The tyranny brought about by this combined concentration of evil affects the whole kingdom, even at times supernaturally, for example after Duncan’s death Lennox tells of how â€Å"the night has been unruly: where we lay, our chimneys were blown down†. As you can see, the disruption brought about by the death of the king is even portrayed to affect the weather. This idea used by Shakespeare in which everything is affected by the death of the king is in conjunction with the ‘chain of being’. The concept of this was a large hierarchy in which God was placed at the top and below him was ranked king; below this was all other organic life. Regicide means that everything below Duncan in the ‘chain of being’ would be disrupted, and would only return to order once the rightful king was restored. This happens in â€Å"Macbeth†: once the rightful king, Malcolm, takes the throne, then the disruption is purged and order returns over the whole kingdom. However, in spite of the regained regime, the final impression of Shakespeare’s masterpiece is that of lingering evil; the witches are still to an extent at large and who is to say the process will not repeat itself again with them partially corrupting yet another star-crossed victim. â€Å"Macbeth† is a play in which evil reigns and flourishes throughout and so it seems only fitting that the final impression masterfully created by Shakespeare should be that of lingering evil.

Credit Risk Models in Financial Institutions Essay

Credit Risk Models in Financial Institutions - Essay Example The most critical factor that affects the 3Cs of a bank is 'Credit Risk'. Banking is a domain where 'risk-free' activity is an unknown concept. Particularly in the field of credit appraisal, risk is associated with every decision made by the portfolio analyst. Although it is not possible to wipe out risk altogether, it can be reduced to a manageable level. Stated simply, 'zero-risk' situation is impossible to be achieved in banking. There have been considerable discussions regarding the role of the portfolio analysts and credit officers in banks. It has been noted that in several cases, officers are forced to 'take' a decision rather than 'making' a decision due to the lack of freedom to analyze and make a decision based on the merits of the case. There are two ways of reaching to a decision; subjective and objective. A subjective decision is based on the impression the bank has about the counterparty. Although this method has a substantial role to play in the decision making process, an objective analysis instils a certain degree of integrity, security and refinement. Credit Risk Management is an activity of paramount importance for any bank. Effective risk management increases the stakeholder value by providing for 'value creation', 'value preservation' and 'capital optimization'. Credit Risk Modelling is the first step towards implementing a robust risk mitigation environment. Credit risk models are intended to aid banks in quantifying, aggregating and managing risk across geographical and product lines (BIS, 1999). The pith of the report will cover various aspects of credit risk modelling such as 'techniques to measure risk', 'building an assessment model' and the various prevalent credit risk models being used world wide. In the process the report also throws light on subjects such as banking risks and credit risk parameters. What is Credit Risk Risk taking is a synonymous with credit appraisal. Risk taking is not an activity that takes place by chance; rather it is a deliberate action in the process of financial decision making. Risk is a factor, which, if it takes effect, produces undesirable outcomes for the bank. Bhargava (Bhargava, 2000) presents an insightful pie chart describing the main financial risks that are prevalent in the banking industry. Figure: Pie Chart showing the proportion of Financial Risks (Bhargava, 2000) It can be clearly seen that Credit Risks occupy a major portion of the pie and a bane for most bankers across the world. Risk Management Group of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision defines credit risk as "potential that a borrower or counterparty of a financial institution will fail to meet the obligations in accordance with the agreed terms" (bcbs54, 2000). In other words, the probability that the receiver of the loan will not pay back in full, within the specified time frame, the complete repayment amount {including any interest and service charge} is called credit risk. Lack of appropriate lending discipline and inadequate system of control generally results in setbacks to banks. Several major banks such as Enron have collapsed due to poor transaction management, incomplete credit information and

Merits of Devaluation of The Currency. Mechanism of correcting Assignment

Merits of Devaluation of The Currency. Mechanism of correcting deficits - Assignment Example UK suffered a huge current account deficit in 2008, as high as 3% of its GDP. Later the deficit was corrected with proper implication of currency devaluation (Pettinger 2009). 2. Mechanism of sustainable investment. Devaluation requires a higher amount of domestic currency for any foreign transaction. This makes it difficult for existing investors of country to switch or transfer their investment from the country that has devalued its currency. Because switching investment to foreign country may worth considerably lesser as compared to the current worth of investment. This will make the existing investors less likely to switch their investment. Hence devaluation ensures sustenance of existing investment in the country. 3. Mechanism of economic growth As mentioned earlier, devaluation of country’s currency results in the soaring of exports and aggregate demand of country’s goods and services. This is likely to result in economic growth of the country at higher rates. 4. Increase in flow of capital A devaluing country facilitates foreign investors in terms of its now relative cheap labor and a country that will stimulate demand, due to its strong export potential, due to devaluation. Hence devaluation provides motivation of higher profitability o the foreign investors and this is likely to result in the increase of capital flow in the devaluing country. China has long been having a devalued currency. China has become home to many manufacturing firms due its export facilitations and inexpensive production. It is mainly due to Chinese devalue exchange rate (News n economics 2010) Demerits of Devaluation of Currency 1. Increase in... It is evident from the study that devaluation is largely believed to correct the trade deficit and balance of payment deficit. Decrease in exchange rate of a country’s currency will render its products and services relatively cheaper for foreign buyers. This is likely to increase demand for country’s goods in foreign market and hence its exports will increase. Moreover devaluation will make foreign goods relatively dearer for domestic buyers and their demand is likely to decrease. This will reduce the imports in that country. Increased exports and reduced imports are likely to correct the trade deficit. This will also improve the current account deficit in Balance of payment accounts and will consequently correct the balance of payment deficit of the devaluing country. UK suffered a huge current account deficit in 2008, as high as 3% of its GDP. Later the deficit was corrected with proper implication of currency devaluation. Devaluation of currency renders imports deare r to the buyers of devaluing country. Since a country cannot produce everything, imports cannot be avoided. However if a country is supposed to import raw material for production of its certain goods it will make the cost of production higher. As a result those goods may not compete efficiently in foreign market as well as their domestic demand will decrease. Devaluation increases country’s exports. This means that it affects badly on the exports of other countries by making its goods cheaper in foreign market.

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des Essay - 1

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des forces doccupation et quel point refltait-elle des tendances au sein de la socit franaise elle-mme - Essay Example t de la droite politique blà ¢mà © [certains politiciens] pour la « excà ¨s  »de Vichy ».1 Pendant ce temps, Vichy a luttà © pour maintenir son appel mà ©tropolitaines, mais il a à ©tà © aux prises avec les problà ¨mes sociaux qui ont de persà ©cuter un segment de la socià ©tà © franà §aise. La zone non occupà ©e de la [France] et lassistance nà ©cessaires administration à ©conomique.2 Il y avait des problà ¨mes majeurs. Les deux Franà §ais et Britanniques ont combattu pour lindà ©pendance de la France. "Dans la campagne de 1940 les Franà §ais se sont battus courageusement, mais ... [l]es Britanniques ont combattu beaucoup plus obstinà ©ment ... ».3 Pour donner un peu de contexte, lAllemagne avait acquis une partie de la France qui a à ©tà © envahie par les gens.  «En occupant la moitià © nord du pays et toute la cà ´te Atlantique, lAllemagne sest approprià © le partie la plus riche et le plus peuplà © de la France mà ©tropolitaine ».4 En raison de loppression de son peuple, la rà ©putation de Vichy est à   jamais ternie. "Lhistoire de Vichy, en cette epoque, abonde en pareils trompe-lÅ“il ».5 À la dà ©fense du peuple juif, les combats ont à   lEst. "Par consà ©quent, au cours de la plupart des annà ©es de combats sur le front de lEst (oà ¹ la majeure partie de larmà ©e allemande a à ©tà © engagà ©), les conditions sont devenues de plus en plus semblables à   celles sur le front occidental dans la Premià ¨re Guerre mondiale ».6 Il semblait que beaucoup de gens mà ©prisaient les Juifs, cà ©tait un sentiment populaire et à   la mode dà ©pouser à   là ©poque. "Mà ªme aprà ¨s la guerre, Xavier Vallat revendiquà ©e, avec quelque raison, que lanti-sà ©mitisme de Vichy avait rà ©flà ©chi volontà © populaire. Dans les registres tenus par ladministration franà §aise au cours de 1940-1944 il ya des signes à ©vidents de lantipathie populaire pour les Juifs, en particulier pour les rà © fugià ©s juifs à ©trangers ... ... rà ©pandre sur les Juifs dorigine franà §aise ainsi  ».7 Pendant ce temps, le cerveau se cache derrià ¨re la

The influence of family structure and parenting styles on family Essay

The influence of family structure and parenting styles on family members and their behavior in society - Essay Example Children may belong to more than one residential group, for instance. Even if they do not, close family members (most often the father) who continue to play an important role in their children's life may not reside in the same household. Instead of viewing parent as forming a unit, we look at them as two individuals whose conjugal and parental life courses meet for a period of time, during which a child is conceived. The child's family life course is then dependant on whether or not parents continue to follow the same path, or whether they decide to go their separate ways - an event that occurs for some children even before their birth. Family structure implies solidity and permanence, and leads implicitly to the idea that children spend their lives in a given family type: intact, lone-parent or stepfamily. As a result, a large body of research has looked at the impact on children of "growing up" in a lone-parent or stepfamily, without taking into account that relatively few children do in fact spend their entire childhood in one of these family types. The family structure perspective groups all families of the same type " type" into a single category ignoring the events leading up to the formation of the family. More and earlier parental separation means that close and significant family members do not necessarily live in the same household; the analysis of children's family experience, therefore, has to extend beyond the residential group. Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors that mark individually and together to influence child outcomes. The construct of parenting style is used to capture normal variations in parents' attempts to control and socialize their children. Parents may differ in how they try to control or socialize their children and the extend in which they do so, it is assumed the primary role of all parents is to influence, teach, and control their children. Parenting style captures two important elements of parenting : Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness. Parental responsiveness refers to the extent to which parents intentionally faster individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive and acquiescent to children's special needs and demands. Parental demandingness refers to the claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family whole by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys. Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on parental demandingness and responsiveness creates a typology of parenting styles; reflecting different naturally accruing patterns of parental values, practices and behaviors. 1. Indulgent parents are more responsive than demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation and avoid confrontation. 2. Authoritarian parent are highly demanding and directive, but not responsive. They are obedience and status oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation. 3. Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive. They monitor and impart clear standards for their children's conduct. They want

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Operations' Process Control, Assignment

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Operations' Process Control, Optimization, and Sustainability in Seaport Container Termina - Assignment Example This is to say that the result of a productive port container terminal over a relatively longer period of time yields sustainability (Clark, Dollar and Micco, 2004). But for productivity to be optimized, a couple of operational management needs have to be fulfilled. These are logistics and supply chain management. The reason why these two phenomena should be incorporated and used hand-in-hand is that productivity and for that matter sustainability of container terminal is measured partly by the discharge and loading of container onto vessel as well as the reception and delivery operations, which involves transferring containers in and out of trucks (Kim and Park, 2003). These means of measurement directly require logistics to control the flow of container demands as well as supply chain management, which would determine the activities of individuals and organizations, which ensure the upstream and downstream flow of products and goods in vessel operations (De Monie, 1987). Problem St atement Vessel operators have recently adapted several methodologies and strategies in achieving sustainability in seaport container terminal including the use of concessions and the privisation of ports but not much of results seem to have been achieved even with these (Drewry Consultants Ltd. 2003). In the midst of the major failures being recorded therefore, there is the need for there to be a paradigm shift that looks at an unorthodox and radical strategy that can promise an unprecedented result. Interestingly, there have been a couple of research works already undertaken by a number of researchers who have looked at the impact of logistics and supply chain management towards process control, optimization and sustainability in seaport container terminal. For the present study, a number of those studies that made use of qualitative research approach shall be critically analysed. This implies that the proposed research shall be made to follow the qualitative research approach. By this study, some of the major forms of qualitative research approach shall be reviewed according to their weaknesses and strengths and an eventual decision on the best form or type of qualitative research approach for the proposed study shall be selected. Aims and Objectives Generally, the present study is structured around and aim, which is the overall goal that the researcher wants to achieve for the study. But the aim is wide and cannot be achieved without breaking it down into divisible parts. To this end, a number of specific objectives are set to help accomplish the research aim. The aim of the study is to determine which qualitative methods in the academic literature have been most effectively used in addressing the issue of how logistics and supply chain management aids in accelerating process control, optimization and sustainability in seaport container terminal. The specific objectives that need to be achieved independently to consolidate the achievement of the overall aim are given as follows. 1. To identify the two commonest forms of qualitative methods used in addressing the issue of logistics and supply chain management in seaport container terminal. 2. To evaluate the two types of approaches independently on the basis of The type of research questions addressed The value of the results presented The methods and instruments employed in achieving results 3. To evaluate the

Community research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community research - Case Study Example Fourth, qualitative methods apply biased knowledge. This is good for nursing because this discipline is not confined to inflexible, definable variables. 2. Disdvantages I see in using qualitative methods in nursing study. A disadvantage of qualitative methods is poor consistency. Another disadvantage is difficulty comprehending its dynamics and aspects. As a result, the chances of subjectivity in qualitative nursing studies increase radically. 3. Advantages I see in using quantitative methods in nursing study. One advantage of quantitative methods in nursing research is function. The role of quantitative findings is to apply a precise strategy for gathering and reviewing any measured information (Frels & Onwuegbuzie, 2013). Second, quantitative methods increase precision in study findings. This is because quantitative methods are based on numbers. 4. Disadvantages I see in using quantitative methods in nursing study. One disadvantage of quantitative methods in nursing studies is time consumption. Quantitative methods involve arbitrary selection of samples, which takes up a lot of time. Second, nursing researchers may find quantitative methods hard to carry out particularly when similar kinds of information are gathered concurrently (Frels & Onwuegbuzie, 2013). Aitamaa, E., Leino-Kilpi, H., Puukka, P., & Suhonen, R. (2010). Ethical problems in nursing management: The role of codes of ethics.  Nursing Ethics,  17(4), 469-82. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733010364896 Frels, R. K., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2013). Administering quantitative instruments with qualitative interviews: A mixed research approach.  Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD,  91(2), 184-194. Retrieved from

WGS 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WGS 2 - Assignment Example It is quite pivotal to understand that American political movements were key catalyst to channel social reform as well1. In the modern day, women are independent and have the liberty to work in corporate American. Additionally, the website discusses the intricacies of social issues that plague women. Equal pay is one of the major focal points that was heavily discussed. One of the key things that worries me is domestic violence is another issue that is depicted as a challenge for women who are seeking to have a better life. The website discusses many challenges that women face of domestic violence in their respective home, which does draw a paradigm. The idea of gender disparity in school, government and overall progression of women is clearly hindered in these cultures. . Cultures adhere to gender roles because they assign responsibilities to each gender based on family needs. For example, women in eastern cultures have to follow the cult of domesticity. I think this is a major issue as assimilation of women migration is an interesting point to

The Knife of Never Letting Go - Dystopian Lit Essay Example for Free

The Knife of Never Letting Go Dystopian Lit Essay A dystopia is quite common as a literary subject. It is usually unpleasant, with a repressive society and/or strict ruling force, and is the flip side to another common literary subject; a utopian society, in which everything is perfect to either the inhabitants or/and protagonist. Some stories set in a dystopian universe or world may seem quite normal or maybe even perfect at first, but eventually the reasons behind that become apparent and become quite unpleasant for the protagonist as they are forced to fight against a society or group they were once a part of. Examples of this kind of dystopian world are in both Uglies [2005, Scott Westerfeld], where the reader follows the female protagonist, an ugly who is allowed to undergo surgery to become pretty -portrayed to be a perfect state in her world- once she turns sixteen, but over the course of the novel, she finds out it might not be everything she had hoped for. With mind manipulation by the ruling force, isolation between certain age groups until a coming of age ceremony and bulling the inferior group into wanting to do what the ruling force chooses- in Uglies, it is becoming a pretty who has purposely been given brain damage without consent, something she does not want to happen And in The Knife of Never Letting Go, which follows a very simular pattern. The main protagonist [Todd] is a boy, and will continue to be so until he is thirteen and has completed a coming of age ceremony of his own, and from then on is considered a man. Like in Uglies, becoming a man is considered a perfect state, or at least more idyllic than being a boy, and this is reinforced by bulling by his superiors -men- over his inferior state, thus making it seem that becoming a man is something he should want to become, so he is no longer isolated from his peers, and becomes one of the group. Again, over the course of the novel, he finds out exactly what become a man means, and it is far from what he wants to become. Some other examples of modern dystopian lit. can be found in these novels; Armageddons Children (2006) by Terry Brooks Bar Code Rebellion (2006) by Suzanne Weyn The Pesthouse (2007) by Jim Crace Extras (2007) by Scott Westerfeld The Host (2008) by Stephenie Meyer Double Cross (2008) by Malorie Blackman The Hunger Games (2008) by Suzanne Collins Revealing Eden (2012) by Victoria Foyt

Causes and triggers of domestic violence

Causes and triggers of domestic violence Domestic abuse also referred to as asspousal abuse happens where in a marriage or an intimate relationship one partner tries to take control and dominate over the other. Where physical violence is involved, such domestic abuse is called domestic violence. An abuser uses intimidation, shame, fear and guilt to wear the other down so that the abused can be kept under the thumb. Abusers may threaten, hurt you and even those around you. There is no discrimination in domestic violence and thus it may happen among same-sex partners and heterosexual couples. Moreover, domestic violence may happen irrespective of our ethnic backgrounds, age and economic backgrounds. Women appear to be the common victims but in modern day society, men are also falling victims especially emotionally and verbally. Different approaches have been used by theorists to show that there are specific characteristics associated with individuals who abuse their partners. These approaches have shown that such abusive characters have inability to cope with stress, possess low self-esteem, they have desire to have control and power over others, once had social support isolation, are dependent on their victims, feelings of jealousy and they may also have some psychological and mental disorders. This indicates that there are different risk factors of domestic violence from economic to biological ones. Thesis: irrespective of what causes a particular domestic violence incident be it economical or biological, domestic violence is a social problem that affects our quality of life. This is an abusive behavior which is never acceptable and it doesnt matter whether it comes from a woman or a man, an adult or a teenager. Every one of us deserves to be safe, respected and above all valued. Ideas (risk factors) Idea #1: There appears to be a statistical correlation between domestic violence and substance abuse. Several studies on domestic violence indicate that there are high rates of substance abuse by perpetrators. Regular use of alcohol is documented as one of the leading risk factors in intimate partner abuse. There is evidence that drug and alcohol addiction and domestic violence are things that usually occur together. This indicates that most families where there is a parent who abuses alcohol or any other drugs have high rates of domestic violence. There are several statistical evidences that show substance abuse increases the risk of domestic violence in homes. For example, around 87% of program directors in the field of domestic violence assert that intimate partner violence increases in a family where both partners are drugs or alcohol addicts. The U.S. Departments of Justice in its records show that around 61% of domestic violence offenders are addicts of alcohol or any other types of drugs. Moreover, a study conducted by the same Department in 2002 on murders in U.S. families indicated that more than half of those accused of murder of their intimate partners had abused alcohol and other drugs at the time of the murder. This is enough statistical evidence linking alcohol abuse and other drugs to domestic violence (Schechter, 2000). People who abuse alcohol and especially men argue that they normally engage in domestic violence because at that time they were under the influence of alcohol. In some other instances, those batterers living with women who abuse alcohol or drugs justify their domestic violence as one of the best ways in which they can control their spouses the moment they come home drunk. In such instances, risks associated are high because the woman who is being battered may not have control to seek help since she is not sober. Studies on domestic violence in U.S. population shows that in cases where the man is the batterer and frequently abuses drugs and alcohol, such men have the tendency to rid themselves of the violence responsibility by stating that they did so since they were under the influence of alcohol (Kenneth and Elizabeth, 2000). Substance abuse not only affects the intimate partner in the household but also the children. Children brought up in such a family experience more sexual, emotional and physical abuse than those in non-substance abusing families. Surveys conducted by National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse shows that around 80% of cases of child abuse are associated with parents who abuse drugs and alcohol. This problem may be translated into the later life stages of such children and thus reports indicate that there is high probability that they also abuse alcohol and other drugs and also result in the same domestic violence (Jeffrey and Abigail, 2007). Idea #2: a major piece to battering of wives is rooted in most cultures especially in the African traditional society. Most men who batter their wives have rigid rules and views on their gender roles. Most batterers have sexist attitudes towards their intimate partners and this has been a consistent cultural issue causing domestic violence. Majority of our societies have trained men in a way that they see women in objectified and disrespectful ways. This makes most men to see their intimate partners as their possession. It was not long ago when in most cultures, women were always considered as properties of men. This is an attitude that actually still lives in the culture of United States. Today, only several years have passed since most states in the U.S. changed their laws regarding rape that occurs among married couples. There before, the laws in most states stated that a man could not be convicted in jail because of raping his wife. This is an implication that this woman was the property of her husband. Thus men in such cultures could do anything with the wife and the only thing that was required of her was just to cooperate. Even if such laws have been changed today, there are still churches where ceremonies are performed for the wife to rake oath that she is going to honor, love and obey her husband. In most cultures, when a woman gets married, she has to take the name of her husband. The main idea here is that it becomes simpler than to add middle names or even to hyphenate names. This follows from the fact that in marriage and in all societies, a woman has to leave her fathers house and join the husband in his house. There is no time women belonged to themselves but they only belonged to their husband or father. This is what represented the womans last name. We can liken this to African slaves who would always take the name of their master or the slave holder. Even in matters of political choices, women started voting the other day and they were taken as individuals who could not take any stand on political matters. The underlying theme is that the general attitudes men have towards women affect peoples willingness to hurt them physically. Emerging African literature on different causal theories shows there is power of norms and tradition in African cultures that explain the widespread domestic violence incidence. There are so many African societies which see that as a direct connection and as a result they argue that wife battering is normal in African traditions. According to Randall (2003), this is a proposition that is supported by several authors who have conducted several interviews. One such good example is the interview from the Social Welfare Office of Ibadan, Nigeria. This is a region where even police officers remind women who come to report that they have been battered by their husband that Yoruba culture allows its men to beat their women. There are however other indirect cultural explanations of some concepts such as polygamy impact, male promiscuity acceptance, uneven power distribution in traditional African marriages, power of extended families on a married couple and the bride price institution as und erlying causes for wives abuse. Payment of bride price to the wifes parents after marriage makes it even more difficult to leave their battering husbands unless the amount paid is willingly returned by the families of origin. According to Randall (2003), domestic violence studies conducted in Zimbabwe involving interviews on twenty-five male abusers and seventy-five female victims of domestic violence in Shona-speaking community showed that cultural factors are a major cause for domestic violence. In this study, it was reported that most domestic quarrels emerged out of jealousy and money. A good example is in the Shona community where quarrels between a husband and his wife emerge because the wife has asked for money. This is taken as a challenge on the traditional absolute male control of the household on family finances. There is also a similar dynamic in domestic violence which is initiated by jealousy. Even if male promiscuity in Africa is traditionally accepted, the sexuality of the females is zealously controlled by the family or the husband. Not only in African traditional societies but also in other earlier civilized ones in Americas, Asia and Europe where a wife may be seen as challenging the hu sbands prerogatives and authority the moment she demands explanations on his extramarital involvements. In most cases violence erupts if the wife asks her husband where he has been and with whom or in other cases showing threat for addition of other wives. Addition of multiple wives is today seen as a big threat to economic survival for the first wife, the children and a source for HIV/AIDs scourge and thus wives may be tempted to question their husbands. But this questioning is seen as a challenge to the traditional mans rights and a threat to the culturally prescribed position and this automatically provokes violence. Idea #3: absolute poverty is considered one of the fundamental basis of domestic violence against women in most households (Inter-American Development Bank, Biehl and Morrison, 1999). Relative violence may also play a role though complementary in generating domestic violence since such families have difficulties in attaining standards of consumption apart from food and this may be a potential source of violence. Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between domestic violence and poverty. One of the common opinions is based on the fact that poverty comes with frustrations which normally may tend to unleash violent behavior. There are numerous aggravating problems for this and they include high consumption of alcohol, low schooling levels, poor living conditions, few entertainment opportunities, poor jobs and failure to improve conditions of living, large family burden and lack of adequate basic services in life (Rachel, 2000). These are potential circumstances that might predispose marginalized and poor family members to result to domestic violence. The major domestic violence in such cases occurs between the husband (provider) and his wife who takes over the management of the household. On the mans side, source of conflict is the deficit to materially provide for the household while on the side of the woman; the source may be her inability to manage the little they have whi ch is always never enough. In such a standpoint, domestic violence has come as a result of poverty in the household. According to Schechter (2000), there were so many studies on domestic violence among low-income that were conducted in the 1990s when most families lost guarantee on income supports. The results were pervasive. After low-income people in Chicago were examined, the studies found that 25% of low-income non-recipients and 33% of welfare recipients experienced severe aggression in their adulthood via their partners. There were also results that 8% of non-recipients and 19% of recipients experienced serious aggression within the previous twelve months. The same studies found that in Worcester, Massachusetts low-income and homeless mothers reported 32% positive cases of physical violence within the previous two years. Moreover, a study by the National Family Violence Survey showed that domestic violence on women who have annual income less than $10,000 were 3.5 times likely if compared to those who had more than $40,000 annual salary. Counterargument There must be a misconception that domestic violence is caused by substance abuse, cultural factors or even poverty. The fact is that equal numbers of drunken and sober men are equally violent. Where studies have been conducted on this they have not been able to explain in detail why almost 80% of heavy and binge drinkers never abuse their partners be it the wife or the husband. Alcohol or any other stimulant substances are used by men so that they can use them as the excuses or the permissions for them to act violently. Many stop taking alcohol and they still continue being violent. Also not every child who grows up in a violent home will grow up to become a violent adult in his/her home. Domestic violence is a choice. Sometimes people react violently because they have been provoked by others and this may act just as the normal self-defense. Refutation By the time one gets provoked, its because he/she has in one way or the other tried to exert control over his/her partner. It is a fact that irrespective of whether the domestic violence resulted after one was provoked either due to poverty frustrations and pressures, cultural beliefs or substance abuse it has adverse effects on our victims. Children brought up in such backgrounds may develop low self-esteem and long term effects that may haunt them later in their lives. It is possible to find such children having dismal academic performances. Others have been sexually, emotionally and physically assaulted and all of us need respect, love and to be valued. Conclusion Domestic violence is live in our modern society. Women appear to be the most affected since gender inequality ahs always been there. Until the 70s women who were battered had no places to report or to seek support ands especially those who were sexually assaulted. There were few shelters for victims of domestic violence like hospitals, civil and criminal courts, law enforcement and other social service agencies. But today, there seems to be numerous community-based violence programs that provide array of quality services. These include safety planning, transportation, crisis counseling and intervention, legal advocacy, childrens services and housing and relocation services among others. In order to minimize domestic violence cases there are many programs engaging in continuous advocacy efforts and this may include collaboration with community service workers, development of public awareness campaigns and being active for political lobbying efforts that improve safety for children and victims. With such efforts, we may help to minimize adverse effects on victims.

The Spanish Armada Essay -- Invincible Armada

The Spanish Armada also called the Invincible Armada, and more correctly La Armada Grande. It was a fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the English aggression against the Spanish Crown. However it was a fatal mistake and after a week’s fighting the Spanish Armada was shattered, this led to the gradual decline in maritime power of Spain. Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the â€Å"known world† during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminate their arch-rival England. His reasons were to convert the Protestants in England to the Church of Rome and to eliminate one of the major sea-fearing rivals for economic wealth. In 1587, Francis Drake cruised off the coast of Spain and under Elizabeth's wishes; Francis Drake attacked the Spanish shipping, burnt the half-finished and unmanned ships at Cadiz, and did enormous damage to the Spanish navy. King Philip II at last convinced that Spain must invade England in order to dominate the region. But his inefficiency as an organizer was never more evident. Slow, inactive, and not only ignorant of the secret of sea power, but also unwilling to admit that there was any need for advice and direction in sea warfare. He wasted months on making plans of campaign while the building and refitting of the fleet was neglected. Even though the Spaniards of that day were reputed the best soldiers in the world, but in naval maneuvers and in the use of heavy artillery they were very far behind...

saychianna book :: essays research papers

~Chapter II~ ~The dream that night~ I dreamed that night for a short time, I’m not sure how long, but it didn’t feel like a dream at all. ~Chapter III~ ~The Moon and its Devilish Red Glare~ As the moon began to come out into view, I stood back upon my feet. I could see a little bit more since it was a full moon, it is glowing an eerie color. It reminded me of the fight that broke out at the palace. It sent a sudden chill of fear strait down my spine. I began to try to remember the way that I came in but it was all a rush altogether. I could not remember a thing. Nothing at all came. Even if I could remember was I come in from it was very dark and I couldn’t see at all now. It was obvious to me that I would have to stay there the whole night, but I hadn’t any thought of where to stay. †¦I’m still bleeding a lot; well not as much as it was. I did not know my way around yet so I just started to stroll along. As a few minuets passed on by I am again on a trail to no ware. There on the other side I could see a small path. I hoped that the path could lead me out of this shadowed forest. .. So I started running to it. I’m running as fast as I can. It is not like I could do that much right now any way. I don’t know if the path leads farther into the shadowy woods, or out of them. Anyway, even if I did manage to escape this wood alive, I don’t know who or what is awaiting my arrival to come out of here. Besides, what if there are worse creatures in here. I really don‘t want to find out. This is defiantly not such a place for me. I do not enjoy sudden attacks on my home and being thrown around like a rag doll. No, that is not I, at all. So once again I started off into this deep dark abyss, I never knew that the woods would be this dark. I was all riled up now since there was no true way of finding anyway out of this forest without daylight. I now feared that I might never be found again alive.

Cyber Addicts :: essays papers

Cyber Addicts The Longest River: Denial A hallmark of someone who is engaging in this addiction pattern, but who has not accepted that their behavior is out of their control, is denial. Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that enables a person to continue to engage in a behavior in spite of relatively obvious negative consequences on their life. It’s a way to protect ourselves from seeing or feeling things that are unpleasant. In the case of the gambling addict, there may be repeated warnings from his or her spouse that they will not tolerate continued spending of household savings, job loss, and constant harassment by creditors. In light of this, the gambling addict will still deny that they have a problem with gambling and will believe that they have complete control over their actions. Denial permits one to distort reality, a very powerful psychological defense; it can have devastating consequences on our life, and the ability to disregard such negative consequences while continuing the behavior is a hallmark of denial. Denial is present, to some extent or another, in all addictions. It’s necessary, in the development of an addictive process, to experience a sense of denial while the addiction is beginning to take hold. Otherwise we would not continue with the addictive behaviors. Because of denial, the impact of our negative behavior is never fully appreciated until the consequences become so overwhelming that they can no longer be ignored. This is sometimes referred to as "hitting bottom." People may continue their behavior indefinitely, with no recognition of the negative consequences of their actions, in spite of numerous personal disasters. Often an individual will not seek help for a specific problem, unless they’ve recognized that they are no longer in control of the situation and need help. This usually happens at a point when the negative impact of their addiction has become grossly obvious and their denial is broken. It is a process that cannot be rushed . Each person has to discover their own time frame for how and when to deal with their addiction. This, of course, can be very frustrating for family and friends of the addict, who often notice the problem long before the addict does. Negative consequences of Internet use vary considerably. I have been consulted on Internet cases where employees have been caught using their work computer for personal Internet access (in some cases wasting considerable company time and/or downloading sexually related material onto their computer).

Case Analysis Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd Essay

Introduction The Classification between an independent contractor and employee has raised a number of issues throughout the past 50 years. Failing to create an effective formality to be applied by the courts to any particular case, it has lead to commercial uncertainty through Australia. This essay will analysis Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 decision regarding the high court process in distinguishing between whether there was an relationship between the employer of employer/employee or employer/independent contractor. Facts While working for Brodribb Sawmilling Co, Stevens and Gray were employed by Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd as a trucker and snigger. During 1985, while Gray was moving a Log onto Stevens truck, the log fell off and rolled off the truck, as a result, Stevens was injured1. These truckers and sniggers used their own vehicles, worked during the time they set out, were paid by the amount of timber delivered and did not deduct income tax installments2. Both employees owned and used their own equipment and vehicles, were never guaranteed work from the Sawmill3 and were free to seek other work if factors such as the weather prevented them from working4. Issue 1. To establish whether Gray and Stevens were employees or independent contractors while employed by Sawmilling Co. Rationale Decidendi The legal principle that the High Court applied in Stevens5, in regards to employee/independent contractor, was the ‘multiple indicia test’. This test is used to identify a number of criteria that the court can use, when distinguishing between employees or contractors. In regards to Stevens, Control was weighed as the significant factor when deciding between employee/contractor during the case. Judgement and Analysis Stevens6 was held in favour of Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, classifying the two as  independent contractors through the application of the ‘indicia’. The test was originally established in 1968 in the UK 7, recognising a number of criteria to be used when assessing relationships. The test was established in response to a collapse of the previous test, the control test, which had been found to be more suited to the social conditions of earlier times, becoming obsolete in modern society8. It was found that due to technological developments, the control test had become inconsistent with the retention of effective control9, as employees skills now exceed that of their employers 10. This meant by using the application of the ‘indicia’ test, Stevens would be able to determine the relationship between the two workers. When applying the test in Stevens, the outcome of the courts decision failed to clarify which criteria was to be used when determining future cases. Stevens had adapted its ratio from previous cases, looking at the whole relationship between the individuals, making a decision on balance11 through the application of the particular criteria; the relationship of master and servant, mode of remuneration, provision and maintenance of equipment, obligation to work, hours or work, deduction of income tax and the delegation of work by the employee12. This left a problem open for interpretation, the weight that the court applied to the different ‘indicia’ on any particular case13. Previous cases before Stevens offered little help in defining the relationship between the employer and contractor, as the legal concept remains largely undefined except in terms of the various indicia, which varies between cases 14. In modern society many employers don’t process the knowledge to be able to tell their employees what to do, failing to address distinction between the relationship between employer/employee15. Stevens’ decision used control as the significant factor when determining control, weighing the balance in favor that they were contractors. Therefore, when attempting to make a judgement between employee/contractor, it can be misleading for future cases where control isn’t the significant factor, as it is no more than a guide to the existence of the relationship between master and servant. Furthermore, Stevens was self-employed, therefore in performing his contract, he used his own tools, which indicates that he was not a servant16. However,  Stevens places too little emphasis on what defines a contractors tools, which was seen in 2001 Hollis v Vabu17. The court applied the legal principles held in Stevens18, however held that the courier was an employee, not a contractor. Although the couriers provided their own tools and equipment, it actually involved ‘little capital outlay as such tools were not only capable for use as a courier, but could be used for other general purposes’19. This provides a great example of the weight that Hollis places on another particular criteria that the test, when applied in Stevens, was able to effectively establish whether they were contractors, but left much open, leading to commercial uncertainty. Impact on Subsequent Cases The impacts that followed Stevens20 saw major changes in the Industrial Relations Act 1988, the Superannuation Guarantee Act 1992 and the liability to deduct pay as your earn installments21. Businesses started avoiding the statutory obligations owed to their employees, saving up to 17% by classifying its employees as contractors22. Consequently an entirely new industry rose, attempting to take advantage of the multi-test, structuring their business so it appeared to be one of employer to independent contractor, then employer to employee23. The consequences of this was subsequently seen in Vabu v Taxation24, having avoided lodging superannuation guarantee statements, Vabu was found guilty of avoiding the minimum level of payment of superannuation for all of its couriers25. Future and Commercial implications The commercial implications that arose form Stevens26 found large corporations using the capacity of the Multi-Test to ‘minimise social wage costs, providing legal validation for the businesses to classify employees as contractors’27. These individuals became stand-in employees, still under the control of these corporations, with the ‘formality of freedom as an illusory trap’28. Therefore this has meant, that by applying Stevens multi-factor test, more times than less, the type of worker will be classified as an independent contractor, which means they will only have limited rights under the Act 29. By wrongfully labeling employees, it can have potentially serious consequences for the employer, opening up claims  for unfair dismissal, vicarious liability, potential prosecution and financial penalties, particular in regard to company’s failure to pay tax30. The effect of Stevens has meant that many businesses are now exposed to having to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars back to the government from past taxes31. Conclusion In conclusion there seems that the Multi-Indicia test is without its faults, but it is without doubt that Stevens32 was an independent contractor. However without further legislation, further developments in regard to the employee or independent contractor will be limited to the interpretation of the test by future judges, as businesses will try and continue to avoid payments and mandatory benefits to its employee’s. Bibliography Case Law Federal Commissioner for Taxation v J Walter Thompson Pty Ltd (1944) 69 CLR 227 (at 231) Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 Jackson & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658 Leichhardt Municipal Council v. Montgomery (2005) NSWCA 432 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366 Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 150 Vabu Pty Ltd V FC 96 ATC 4898 Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 93 CLR 561 Legislation Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Independent Contractors Bill 2006 (Cth) Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth) Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 (Cth) Articles/Books/Journals Carrigan, F. ‘A Blast From the Past: The Resurgence of Legal Formalism’ (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 Catanzanti, J. ‘Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors’ (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 Chan, T. E. ‘Organisational Liability in a health care system’ (2010) 18 (3) Torts Law Journal, 228 Chin, D. ‘Losing Control: the Difference Between Employees and Independent Contractors after Vabu v Commissioner of Taxation’ (1996) 52 Law Society Journal 52 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent Contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. ‘Joint Employment: Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry’ (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 Gava, J., ‘Another blast from the past or why the left should embrace strict legalism: a reply to Frank Carrigan’ 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 Jay, D. J. ‘Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34 Lockton, D. Employment Law (4th ed. 2005) 137 Marshall, B. ‘Working it out – Employee or independent contractor’ (2006) 12 (5) The National Legal Eagle 14-19 Nieuwenhuysen, J. ‘Towards flexibility in academic labour markets?’ (1985) 11 Australian Bulletin of Labour 271-81 Steckfuss, K. ‘The Regulation of Unpaid Superannuation Contributions: The Inspector-General of Taxation’s Review into the ATO’s Administration of the Superannuation Guarantee Charge’ (2011) 24 (3) Australian Journal of Labour Law 281-294 Stuhmcke, A. Essential Tort Law (2nd ed 2001) Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and the law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20 Vincent, R. ‘What are the tax effects of incorporating legal practises?’ (2002) The Law Society of New South Wales 45 Other Sources Australian Government, Fair Work: Independent contractors and Employees Fact Sheet (2012) at 15 May 2012 Australian Government, Facts sheets: Independent Contractors (2012) http://www.abcc.gov.au/Factsheets/Independentcontractors/Pages/AmIanIndependentContractor.aspx> at 16 May 2012 Australian Government, Independent Contractors: The Essential Handbook (2012) at 12 May 2012 [pic] 1 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 2 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 3 Gava, J., ‘Another blast from the past or why the left should embrace strict legalism: a reply to Frank Carrigan’ 27 (1) (2003) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 4 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 5 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 6 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 7 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) 2 QB 497 8 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers 9 Carrigan, F. ‘A Blast From the Past: The Resurgence of Legal Formalism’ (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 10 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 11 Australian Government, Facts sheets: Independent Contractors (2012) 12 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 13 Terry, A. and Ginugni D. Business and the law (5th ed 2009) 819- 8-20 14 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 15 Stuhmcke, A. Essential Tort Law (2nd ed 2001) 16 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. ‘Joint Employment: Possible pitfalls with the use of labour hire in the resources industry’ (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 17 Hollis V Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 18 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 19 Franklin, G., Lilburne, R. ‘Joint Employment: Possible pitfalls with the use of labour  hire in the resources industry’ (2005) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Association Yearbook 275-299 20 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 21 Jay, D. J. ‘Employees and Independent contractors, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal Volume 30-34 22 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 23 De Plevitz, L. ‘Dependent contractors: can the test from Stevens v Brodribb protect workers who are quasi-employees?’ (1997) 13 Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 263-275 24 Vabu Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 150 25 Catanzanti, J. ‘Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors’ (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 26 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16 27 Carrigan, F. ‘A Blast From the Past: The Resurgence of Legal Formalism’ (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 28 Carrigan, F. ‘A Blast From the Past: The Resurgence of Legal Formalism’ (2003) 27 (1) Melbourne University Law Review 186-199 29 Catanzanti, J. ‘Two limbed test distinguishes employees from contractors’ (2011) 49 (6) Law Society Journal 52-56 30 Jackson & Wilson v Monadelphous Engineering Associates Pty Ltd (1997) 42 AILR 3-658 31 Translators Agency Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) FCA 366 32 Stevens V Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 16

Wawa Inc. Research Paper

On the scale of company sizes In this country, Way falls somewhere In the middle. Initiating leadership in the convenience store industry in the Delaware Valley, while at the same time providing the employees with small-company personal immunization. The company hopes to maintain this relationship with the employees In the future, even though the recent strike hurt the morale among the delivery personnel. The organizational structure begins with the president, Richard Wood. There are six vice-presidents in the company, each serving an important function.The segments of the company are broken down to the following levels, with the vice-president for each level controlling It: Law & Human Resources, Marketing, Store Operations, Real Estate, Finance, and Distribution. As you can see, the real state segment is heavily weighted in the corporate structure. The reasoning behind this strategy is that the company is expanding at the rate of three to four stores per month. Devoting resources t o real estate includes the locating, purchasing, developing, and operating the new store until sufficient management can be established. I have witnessed two new examples of this strategy this semester.I have observed the demolition process of a store, and the construction of three stores, and the renovation of one! These experiences have taught me the process template hat Way uses to build every one of its new stores. With such stress being focused in this area, you can Imagine that the employees involved in the new construction process know exactly how to open a store, from the purchase of the land, to the grand opening day! The other segments of the company mentioned follow the same format as most companies of today. Story ‘Offs successful company, serving the convenience needs of the greater Delaware Valley with pride since 1964.Through the strong respect from customers, Way has achieved a dramatic increase in sales in the past five years. With the introduction of ewe â₠¬Å"superstores†, the future looks extremely bright for the company. Haw's branding strategy of its own products has achieved national recognition. From the dairy products that it has manufactured since the early sass's, to the new Way Bakery, which is destined to be a phenomenal success in the years to come because of its versatility in creating exciting new products, Way is planning on leaving the twentieth century with a bang!The following is a short history of how the company has become as successful as it is today. Way, Inc. Did not begin as a food business, as many people may believe. Instead, the company began operations in the textile industry as early as 1803. By 1865, the company, dubbed as The Melville Manufacturing Company, was incorporated and was operating mills quite successfully in several states, with sales offices throughout the country, but headquarters always remaining in Melville, New Jersey.In 1902, George Wood, who was the owner of Melville, New Jersey, w hich was a bustling town thanks to his family-owned textile business, opened a small milk plant in Way, Pennsylvania, which specialized in processing, and the home delivery of â€Å"certified† milk. Since bastardization had not yet been discovered, consumers relied heavily on the quality of Haw's milk for years. The Wood family summer home, called Red Roof, became the office center for the dairy farm. As the textile industry began to fade in the sass's, the Wood family considered enlarging the small dairy business to serve a larger area, covering the Philadelphia metropolis.Their dairy business began to thrive, Just as the textile industry collapsed due to lower prices for labor overseas. The original mill remains in Melville today, however, and is currently occupied by Wheaton Plastics, Inc. In 1998, Way manufactured more than 92 million quarts of their own dairy products, Juices, and teas. Customer service is the pillar, which keeps Way standing tall as the leading convenie nce store company in the greater Delaware Valley. While there are many factors which go into the way that Way addresses the issue of customer service, there are four that have stood out since the opening of the first store in the sass's.Greeting, understanding, directing, and retaining are the four key factors that go into the customer interaction model, which is learned during the training of every new associate in the company. Since delighting the customer is such an important part of Haw's success, the company has worked to a great extent in creating a product line that is extremely effective in today's volatile marketplace. The Way label has been synonymous to people in the Delaware Valley for years in the dairy industry. Way also sells its own brand of delicious coffee, of which over 100 million cups were sold in 1998.Also, Way built over 24 million hoagies in 1998. Realizing this pattern, the marketing department in the past five years, has recognized this occurrence of brand loyalty by introducing several new products into the stores with the Way brand name attached to them. These products are breakfast â€Å"Sizzle† sandwiches, Waybill, and extremely successful, since consumers have developed a brand loyalty to Haw's high quality products. In the more recent months, the company has been suffering from the results of two key problems. First, the strike in October 1999 forced the company to a screeching halt, adversely affecting sales in every store.While an agreement was reached in less than three weeks, the effects are still being felt. Sales have still not ounces back to what they were, and plans to build a new headquarters are on hold. Second, there has been tremendous public scrutiny of an advertising promotion for cigarettes in the Delaware valley. This promotion does not include a surgeon generals warning on the advertisement, and it has been questioned if advertising for cigarettes through a convenience store is even legal. This problem, a long with the recent strike is nearly enough to change customers' minds when they decide to make a purchase.In the future, the company will have to not make any mistakes with advertising, and should steer clear of any type of controversial advertising. In the years to come, Haw's history of excellence and innovation will continue to be a major part of the Delaware valley, and quite possibly, the entire country!! POLICY There are hundreds of pages of policies that all employees have access to on the computer in every store and regional office. While some companies hide this information from the employees, Way encourages all employees to review the information at their leisure.Some examples of what is in the corporate policy would e information regarding political contributions, employment procedures (hiring and termination), changing from part time to full time employment, retirement, and policy regarding the emigration law. It was especially interesting to find that I was entitled t o 15 vacation days since changing to full time in July. Since I have been with Way for nearly seven years, I had accumulated the extra vacation days that are only good if you change to full time. I was able to find this information while viewing some of the policy during my internship.The corporate policies of Way ensure that sugarless of what the situation may be, there are rules that govern which process is necessary to take action. The corporate headquarters is very strict concerning the rules of the company, and enforcement is always carried out, no matter who the person in question may be. JOB DESCRIPTION My Job title at Way has been Customer Service Leader since July 1999. I was promoted at my request after carefully planning my senior year at Rowan. I realized that I would be able to handle 36 hours per week and have plenty of time for class also. This is because I have no social life.I feel that there will be plenty of time for that in the future! Basically, I run the store when the manager is not present from Thursday to Sunday every week. I perform cash functions, delegate all responsibilities to my co-workers, and myself and most important of all, wait on customers!! During the semester, I have participated in advertising in the Melville stores, and when necessary, I have created signs for hurricanes and other adverse weather in our area. In short, I really enjoy my Job, and I look forward to the opening off new superstore down the street from our present location.This will all take place in July 2000, and I am hoping to be a manager in training at the new store, having finished college. If everything goes as planned, I will have a career full of Primarily during my internship, I saw countless marketing concepts at work that I have learned in the past, in a real company setting. However, I will focus on the use of the â€Å"four up's†, relationship marketing, total quality management, and brand loyalty. For price, I have been exposed to the p rocess of changing the prices on the different items that we sell. During the strike, I saw the prices of many items skyrocket, while there fell.The products that Way offers all have one thing in common, they are essential items necessary to run a household, or a spontaneous item that someone wishes to have. New products introduced usually fit these criteria. Promotion is a key element in the company. Unfortunately, the company has focused a lot of attention to the promotion of Marlboro cigarettes, which may adversely affect other sales of merchandise negatively. While the company is attracting smokers, the ads have been detracting the non-smokers. Some non-smoking customers have dubbed Way a cigarette-friendly' company.This semester has been an interesting one when it comes to place. The delivery of all Way products and supplies was halted due to the strike. This created a distribution crisis, because the delivery system that has worked so well was now out of commission for three w eeks. Outside contractors had to be brought in to deliver the goods to the stores. It would have been a lot easier to simply settle with the drivers instead of start a nasty battle that created bad press, and angry drivers. Regarding relationship marketing, Way operates its stores on the Renville that the customer will return, time and time again.Therefore, in order to provide this high level of quality, Way strives to ensure that every customer is treated with the utmost of respect at all times, regardless of how indignant they may be. The most essential part of relationship marketing that Way engages in is customer service. All associates are trained to be polite, whatever the situation is. Being quick, while also being friendly is a difficult thing to do, but once the balance between the two has been achieved, the customers really appreciate it. Also, ordering properly is obviously important.If a store is out of stock on items, this leads to a disgruntled customer. Total quality management is constantly used with many products. One example would be the Washbowl program. The product has been changed three times since introduction. The changes have been made due to customer feedback through the use of surveys. Way is constantly receiving feedback from customers on every product that it produces. With the assurance of quality, the company has thrived with its own product line, ranging from milk products to breakfast sandwiches. Coupled along with TTS, brand loyalty is very important to the company.Through the constant innovation of its products, Way hopes to create a brand loyalty with the customers. This is extremely important to Way, unlike an electronics store or department store, which carries several brands. Way needs to constantly monitor the marketplace, to seek out the strongest performing products that people will buy. Since the store is small, we only carry one brand of everything we sell, so it is important that we sell the most popular brand of dry dog food, aluminum foil, toothpaste, etc†¦ Selling popular products is something that sets Way apart from its competitors. During the semester, I would say that I have never had more opportunities to meet key people. This has helped me gain the exposure to the key management of the headquarters as I was promised, I was still able to meet many of the to-management of the company, since the regional office is two blocks from our store. I will be visiting the headquarters in the next few weeks. I feel that I have performed my Job to the adequacy that it demands. While balancing school with work can be stressful, I was able to orchestrate my schedule to accommodate both successfully.I am looking forward to the months to come, with the construction of our new store, and the opportunities that await! Working at my store has exposed me to the hiring and firing of people, dealing with customer issues face to face instead of passing the issue on to the manager. I have had to balance th e tedious position of what percent of the time I need to spend with the customers, while also getting my Jobs done for the evening. My manager has worked with me regarding the flexibility of my schedule, even though I am sure e will be very happy when I am finished college!Working with my co-workers has been a rewarding experience as well. I could never begin to do everything myself, and I feel that the help I have received from a few key employees over this semester has been tremendous. Over the next few months, I plan to create more advertising material for our store, and others. With the winter season arriving, I am ready for the annual creation of signs warning customers that they need to prepare for a winter storm. All in all, the experience this semester has been very rewarding, thanks to the help of everyone that I work with at Way!